Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering
Online ISSN : 1882-675X
Print ISSN : 0912-0289
ISSN-L : 0912-0289
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Volume 76, Issue 5
Displaying 1-29 of 29 articles from this issue
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Special Issue: Precision Engineering for Product Development of MEMS Application
Review
Lecture
My Experience in Precision Engineering
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Introduction to Precision Engineering
Introduction of Laboratories
Paper
  • An Evaluation Method for Surface Texture of Transparent and Translucent Objects by Stripe Pattern Projection
    Isao ODA, Takuya SASAKI
    2010 Volume 76 Issue 5 Pages 529-534
    Published: May 05, 2010
    Released on J-STAGE: November 05, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.76.529
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    This paper presents an evaluation method for surface texture of transparent and translucent objects. In our method, we project a stripe pattern onto a sample and evaluate a surface property from its contrast. Our method has a good point that measurement data do not depend on brightness of surrounding disturbance light, because the brightness affects only bias component of the contrast. As a measurement sample of transparent object, we chose glass diffusers. Experimental results showed that a decrease in the surface roughness of glass diffuser causes a decrease in the contrast of projected stripe pattern also. Moreover it was confirmed that our method was hard to be affected from the surrounding disturbance light, by the experiment using the fluorescent lamp as disturbance light. Next, our method was applied to not only transparent object but also translucent object. As a measurement sample of translucent object, we used two kinds of acrylic plates, i.e. white and milk-white. From the experiment result, in the case of a translucent measurement object, it was shown that the transparency of measurement samples affected our method.
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  • Study on Motion Accuracy Enhancement in NC Machine Tools
    —Development of Autonomous Quadrant Glitch Compensator Corresponding to Torque Change—
    Takuro HIGUCHI, Yoshiki MANABE, Ryuta SATO, Masaomi TSUTSUMI
    2010 Volume 76 Issue 5 Pages 535-540
    Published: May 05, 2010
    Released on J-STAGE: November 05, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.76.535
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    In this paper, an autonomous compensator for the quadrant glitch was developed, and its effectiveness is verified through simulation and experiments. The autonomous compensator composes of the newly developed torque following compensator and the friction compensator, which was already developed by our group. The principle of the developed torque following compensator is to correct the difference between an ideal torque and an actual torque with changing of torque due to friction changes. Only the developed compensator was applied to the controller, and simulation and experiment were conducted. As the results, it is found that the height of quadrant glitches only decreases up to about 50 %. However, the developed compensator can effectively correct the fluctuation of the height of quadrant glitches due to friction change and the difference of the heights by the friction force change has considerably become small. Then, the friction compensator was used together with the torque following compensator. Thus, it was confirmed that the quadrant glitches effectively disappeared.
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  • Study on Improvement Methods of CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine) in Workshop Environment
    —Evaluation of Temperature Correction Using Low-expansion Gauge Block—
    Tohru OHNISHI, Shotoku TAKASE, Kiyoshi TAKAMASU
    2010 Volume 76 Issue 5 Pages 541-545
    Published: May 05, 2010
    Released on J-STAGE: November 05, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.76.541
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    In recent years, the CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine) quickly has been spreading in the manufacturing industry. With this phenomenon, the environmental condition and installation site of CMMs has been changed from the temperature control room to the workshop environment and the production line without air conditioning. However, even in severe environment the demand to high accuracy measurements by CMM has been enhancing still more. Therefore, the methods to evaluate and realize the high accuracy measurements by CMM in workshop environment have been investigated. In this paper, we clarify the factor of scale error and propose the effect and correction method of temperature measurement errors using scale error of CGB (Low-expansion Ceramics Gauge Block) and MGB (Metal Gauge Block).
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  • Motion Planning Approach of a Multi-Robot System for “Furoshiki” Wrapping Operation
    Hidetsugu TERADA, Kazuyuki YAGATA
    2010 Volume 76 Issue 5 Pages 546-551
    Published: May 05, 2010
    Released on J-STAGE: November 05, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.76.546
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    The motion planning approach of a multi-robot system for the “Furoshiki” wrapping operations has been newly developed. This approach considers the loci of the handling points for the wrapping and the tying of the sheet. Especially, to avoid the complex motion of tying at the “Mamusubi” operation, the newly approach has been proposed. This approach divides the crossing operation into the two motions. The one is the 2-dimensional motion and the other is the wrapped object rotation around vertical axis. Also, this multi-robot system consists of the two handling robot arms, the shifting operation robot arm and the rotating mechanism for the wrapped object. The handling robot arms consist of a 2-DOF SCARA type robot and a 1-DOF linear motion system. And the shifting operation robot arm is the 3-DOF SCARA type robot which can adjust the pose of the End-effector. In this report, the proposed approach is verified using a prototype robot system. And it is confirmed that the testing rectangular object can be wrapped and tied the desired shape.
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  • A Study on Gap Measurement with Scanning Optical Encoder
    —2 Dimensional Measurement Using Laser Interference Scan and Synchronous Phase Detection—
    Susumu MAKINOUCHI, Toru IMAI, Akihiro WATANABE, Tetsuo OHARA, Shinji W ...
    2010 Volume 76 Issue 5 Pages 552-556
    Published: May 05, 2010
    Released on J-STAGE: November 05, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.76.552
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    Precision stage systems for semiconductor manufacturing machines or precision machining tools usually need 6 DOF measurements. In many case these systems have multi beam laser interferometers despite their complexity and high-cost. In recent years, optical linear encoders spread over precision machines, because of their air turbulence tolerance and cost-effectiveness. However the linear encoders are not compatible for the 6 DOF measurements. In order to correct their Abbe errors, the stage rotation measurements are necessary. Moreover the collocation of 3 axes measurement is important because the stage material is not perfectly stiff. In this study we developed a new optical encoder using small scanner. This metrology produces the position information along to the grating surface and the gap information which is perpendicular to the grating surface. This paper provides the concept of gap measurement and some test results. We achieved 1nm resolution using 4μm grating.
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  • Effect of Inclusions on Machinability of Carbon Steels for Machine Structural Uses
    Koji WATARI, Junsuke FUJIWARA
    2010 Volume 76 Issue 5 Pages 557-561
    Published: May 05, 2010
    Released on J-STAGE: November 05, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.76.557
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    The plunge cutting test was carried out on several structural steels, Fe-0.4%C-0.2%Si-1.5%Mn and one containing 0.16%Pb and 0.06%S. The cutting force was reduced by the addition of Pb and the presence of MnS particles, and the former was found to be more effective to lower the cutting resistance. The lead observed in the primary shear zone of a chip exhibited a thin string-like morphology, suggesting the ductile and very deformable characteristic of Pb. The microhardness distribution inside the chip was lower for the Pb-bearing steel than for the MnS containing steel. Those results indicate that at the primary shear zone of the chip the deformation is mainly concentrated on lead particles and plastic shear strain accumulated in the chip remains lower. This lower plastic work is likely to be the outcome of the reduced shear stress, which might be the major origin of the lower cutting force observed in the Pb-bearing steel.
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  • Optimization of Tool Design in Electrochemical Curved Holes Machining Method by Electrostatic Field Analysis
    Mitsuo UCHIYAMA, Yoshirou NOGUCHI, Masanori KUNIEDA
    2010 Volume 76 Issue 5 Pages 562-566
    Published: May 05, 2010
    Released on J-STAGE: November 05, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.76.562
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    This paper describes a design optimization of tool structure in the electrochemical curved holes machining method. Curved holes can be machined using a flexible tool which can be curved by the hole being processed by the tool itself. The curvature of the hole can be determined by the tilt angle of the electrode tip attached to the end of the tool. The tool design was optimized by a numerical analysis of the electrostatic field in the working gap to simplify the tool structure and to obtain a machining stability. The tool newly developed has a simple structure composed of a flexible tube and columnar electrode tip. Machining tests showed that short circuiting can be avoided and that the calculated removal volume distribution agreed with the form of holes obtained from the experiment.
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  • Formulation of Grinding Force of Fine-ceramics in Constant-Cut Surface Grinding
    Takekazu SAWA, Yasushi IKUSE, Kuniaki UNNO, Noboru MORITA
    2010 Volume 76 Issue 5 Pages 567-571
    Published: May 05, 2010
    Released on J-STAGE: November 05, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.76.567
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    There are three processing modes of fine-ceramics, which are ductile mode grinding, brittle mode grinding, and composite mode grinding. Composite mode grinding is the mode which the ductile mode grinding and the brittle mode grinding blend. In this paper, grinding processing models of ductile mode and brittle mode under the constant cut surface grinding was composed, and the grinding force was formulated from these grinding processing models. It was assumed that grinding force in composite mode grinding is proportional to the ratio of the removal volume of ductile mode and brittle mode. In addition, the removal volume of brittle mode was assumed to be proportional to exponential distribution. As the result, the calculated grinding force was well corresponding to the grinding force obtained by experiment. Therefore, the possibility of evaluating the grinding force from both mechanical properties of fine-ceramics and grinding condition was found.
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  • Manufacturing Dimpled Saw Wires Using Electrolyte Jet Machining
    Masanori KUNIEDA, Satoshi OOSHIRO, Naohisa IWAMOTO
    2010 Volume 76 Issue 5 Pages 572-576
    Published: May 05, 2010
    Released on J-STAGE: November 05, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.76.572
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    This paper proposes a method to produce saw wires which have dimples on their surface to carry abrasives more effectively into the working gap, leading to improved efficiency and accuracy in slicing hard and brittle materials like monocrystalline silicon. The dimples were formed by electrolyte jet machining which can provide micromachining without causing any micro cracks, thermal damage, or residual stress in the workpiece. A flat electrolyte jet was used to machine dimples on the stretched wire which is traveling with a high speed, regardless of its vibration. The slit nozzle to jet the electrolyte was made by micro electrical discharge machining. Twin jets were used to improve the machining efficiency of dimples.
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  • Laser Induced Modification in Glasses by CW Laser Backside Irradiation (CW-LBI)
    —Platinum Implantation into Glass—
    Takato YAMAZAKI, Hirofumi HIDAI, Hitoshi TOKURA
    2010 Volume 76 Issue 5 Pages 577-581
    Published: May 05, 2010
    Released on J-STAGE: November 05, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.76.577
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    We demonstrate metal particle implantation technique into glass plate by continuous-wave (CW) laser beam illumination. Platinum film with the thickness of 1 μm was deposited on one side of Pyrex glass surface. The platinum film was radiated with a focused Ar ion laser beam from the other side of the glass. The laser power was set at 4.2 W. As a result, the platinum film was melted and a platinum particle with the diameter of 5 μm was implanted into the glass within 0.1 s after the laser illumination. The glass around the platinum particle heated by the laser illumination was softened, which enables the platinum particle migration in the glass. Interestingly, the particle moved more than 3 mm toward the light source with the speed of ∼ 0.2 mm/s. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) clarify that the particle was platinum, and silicon and oxygen, which were components of glass, were not detected. Trajectory of the platinum particle migration was modified and was able to be observed by an optical microscope. No platinum was detected in the trajectory of the platinum particle. The diameter of the modified zone was ∼ 10 μm.
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  • A Study on Smooth Surface Reconstruction from Large-Scale Noisy Point-Clouds (1st Report)
    —Smoothing Operators Based on Robust Estimate—
    Hiroshi MASUDA, Kenji MURAKAMI
    2010 Volume 76 Issue 5 Pages 582-586
    Published: May 05, 2010
    Released on J-STAGE: November 05, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.76.582
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    It is widely recognized that task planning based on 3D CAD can reduce the rework of maintenance and renovation of facilities. Therefore, it is very important to acquire 3D shapes of existing facilities. The state-of-the-art phase-based scanner is suitable for this purpose, because it can acquire hundreds of millions point data in several minutes. However, point data captured from the phase-based scanner tend to include quite a lot of outliers. This paper introduces robust smoothing operators for noisy point-cloud. We propose two smoothing methods using robust estimate. One is based on Lorentzian distribution, and the other is based on Tukey's bi-weight estimation. We modified a conventional smoothing method using robust estimate. In our experiments, our two methods could produce good smoothed surface even if point-cloud include a lot of outliers.
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  • Interactive Generation of 3D Class A Bézier Curves and the Characteristics of 3D Typical Curves
    Ryo FUKUDA, Norimasa YOSHIDA, Takafumi SAITO
    2010 Volume 76 Issue 5 Pages 587-591
    Published: May 05, 2010
    Released on J-STAGE: November 05, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.76.587
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    Space curves are usually defined with two planar curves on projected planes. In such a method, it is not easy to control the shape of the curve nor the curvature or torsion variations. 3D Class A Bézier curves are curves with monotonically varying curvature and torsion proposed by Farin. We first clarify the geometric characteristics of 3D typical class A Bézier curves and present a method for interactively generating them by specifying two endpoints and their tangents. General 3D class A Bézier curves are generated by changing parameters that are used for generating 3D typical class A Bézier curves. Both typical and general 3D class A Bézier curves are generated fully interactively. For typical class A Bézier curves, we show experimental drawable regions.
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  • Robust-Fast Hough Transform by Using High-Speed Algorithm for M-Estimator
    Munetoshi NUMADA, Kunihito KATO, Hiroyasu KOSHIMIZU
    2010 Volume 76 Issue 5 Pages 592-597
    Published: May 05, 2010
    Released on J-STAGE: November 05, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.76.592
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    This paper proposes a robust and fast Hough transform by which a set of lines can be detected by the use of high-speed M-estimator. This proposed method is one of the matching methods that is similar to the least squares (LS) method, however, the proposed method does not use the conventional parabolic function for the error function, and instead, does use the 2nd order B-spline basis function so that the following extreme advantages could be provided : The ill effect caused by the outlier will be drastically decreased in the proposed method, and in addition, the estimated line becomes just the same as those given by the LS fitting when no outlier exists. Furthermore it was possible to reduce the computation cost by introducing the successive usages of the rectangular filter.
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