近代初期の非欧米諸国には,伝統的都市に行政的中枢管理機能,開港地などの新興都市に経済的中枢管理機能が立地するという二元的構造が見られ,それが後の中枢管理機能の立地にも影響した例が多い.本研究は植民地時代の朝鮮を例に,主要都市における経済的中枢管理機能および行政的中枢管理機能の立地を分析し,以下の結果が得られた.
1910年代初頭には,二元的構i造が顕著に見られた. 1920年代後半も大きな変化はないが,伝統的都市でも経済的中枢管理機能,あるいは新興都市でも行政的中枢管理機能を強化した都市が登場した.戦時体制下の1940年代前半には,工業化を背景とした北部の諸都市の経済的中枢管理機能の強化や,新たな官署の立地による都市相互の管轄関係の複雑化により,二元的構造はさらに後退した.このようななかで,京城の圧倒的優位のもとではあるが,北部では平壌,南部では釜山や大邸が,広域中心都市としての性格を持っに至った.

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カリフォルニアのサンホアキンバレー北部に位置する夕一ラック地域を対象として, 1907年から1920年代末までの期間について,日本人移民の植民活動と移民社会の動向を復元・検討した.近隣のヤマトやコーテズの日系計画植民地とは異なり,ここでは日本人は個別的に入植し,分散的な日系農場によって構成される移民社会が形成された。農業経営の中心は,現金借地によるキャンタロープメロン栽培であった.市街地には小規模自営業を営む日本人も現れた.また,メロン収穫期には日本人労働者が流入して,この地域の農業を支えた.経済・社会・文化的な活動を目的としてさまざまな日系組織が設立されたが,それらはどくに農地の借地やコミュニティ生活において重要であった.ターラック地域に見られた日本人の植民活動や移民社会は,排日運動が激化し,制度的・非制度的な差別が行われたホスト社会のなかで,日本人移民が採用した適応戦略の一っの形態を示すものであった.

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The alpine zone of Japanese mountains is characterized by the existence of the Pinus pumila community. Ground temperature observations in the alpine zone of the Daisetsuzan Mountains in the autumn of 1993 showed that the Pinus pumila community experienced the lowest value of ground temperature among all the plant communities that were covered by equal snow thickness in winter (Takahashi, 1995b). This indicates that the Pinus pumila community creates a peculiar environment for the ground thermal regime in summer.
To clarify the summer thermal conditions in the Pinus pumila community, observations of air and ground temperatures were carried out in the alpine zone of the Daisetsuzan Mountains from July to September 1994.
The monthly mean air temperatures above the canopy of the Pinus pumila community in July, August, and September were 14.9°C, 14.6°C, and 9.3°C, respectively. Since the shrub layer below the canopy of the Pinus pumila community has 100% coverage, the solar radiation reaching the ground surface is reduced to less than one-tenth of that above the canopy of the community. The monthly mean value of the daily maximum air temperature below the canopy of the community is about 1°C lower than that outside the community in summer.
Even in the community, the ground surface temperature exceeds the air temperature when the solar radiation passes through an opening in the canopy and reaches the ground surface. As a result, the diurnal range of the surface temperature widens. However, the thermal buffering effect of the 15cm thick litter layer significantly restricts the fluctuation of ground temperature beneath the layer. The mean diurnal range of ground temperature just beneath the litter layer was 1.3°C during the observation period. At a depth of 65 cm, the diurnal variation in ground temperature was insignificant.
The thermal buffering effect of the litter layer is intensified in dry conditions. On the other hand, the effect decreases with an increase in the water content in the litter layer, and the movement of soil water plays an important role in heat transfer in superficial layers. Therefore, infiltration of water causes a rapid rise in ground temperature when the surface temperature is much higher than the ground temperature.
Observations of summer ground temperature in 1994 suggested that frozen soil was maintained at a depth of approximately 65cm in the Pinus pumila community until early July. In an abnormally cool summer such as in 1993, frozen soil may remain at a depth of approximately 65 cm in the Pinus pumila community even in autumn.
Based on the above findings, the Pinus pumila community must be taken into consideration as a significant controlling factor of the ground thermal regime when the periglacial environment is studied in the alpine zone of Japan.

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