2017 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 105-109
The ciliary zonules link the lens to the ciliary body in the eye, controlling the thickness of the lens for focusing through their characteristic elasticity. The ciliary zonules are composed of oxytalan fibers. Physiological or pathological damage to the ciliary zonules, including exposure to ultraviolet (UV)-A and UV-B components, can lead to lens dislocation. However, no studies have shown whether UV affects the ciliary zonule. Here, we assessed the effects of UV light on human nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells (HNPCECs). HNPCECs were cultured for 4 weeks, and expression of fibrillin-1 and fibrillin-2 was confirmed. In control cultures (0 mJ/cm2), some fibrillin-1-positive fibers were merged with fibrillin-2. After UV-A irradiation, the appearance of both fibrillin-1- and fibrillin-2-positive fibers was unchanged. However, after UV-B irradiation, fibrillin-1-positive fibers became thin at an irradiation level of 100 mJ/cm2, and the fiber structure became amorphous at 150 mJ/cm2. Fibrillin-2-positive fibers lost their continuity and disappeared after being exposed to 150 mJ/cm2 UV-B. UV-B irradiation did not affect cell viability, possibly because of the sensitivity of fibrillin-1 and fibrillin-2 to UV-B. Thus, dislocation of the lens with age may be attributable to cumulative exposure to UV-B.
Elastic system fibers include three types, i.e., elastic, elaunin, and oxytalan fibers, which differ microstructurally in their relative proportions of microfibrils and elastin [15]. Oxytalan fibers are bundles of pure microfibrils, consisting mainly of fibrillin-1 and fibrillin-2 molecules [12], which interact to form homotypic and heterotypic dimers [3, 14]. Fibrillins are assembled on or near the cell surface into microfibril arrays and then undergo maturation into transglutaminase-crosslinked microfibrils [13]. Pure oxytalan fibers without elastin are distributed mainly in the ciliary zonule and in periodontal ligaments [6, 18].
In the eye, the ciliary zonule links the lens to the ciliary body, controlling the thickness of the lens and allowing it to focus on a target object by making use of its elasticity. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in vivo have shown that nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells on the surface of the ciliary body express fibrillin-1 [8]. Human nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells (HNPCECs) express both fibrillin-1 and fibrillin-2 and form oxytalan fibers in vitro [20]. Structurally, the ciliary zonule and lens may be exposed cumulatively to the ultraviolet (UV) component of sunlight [16]. UV-B light (290–320 nm wavelength) is partly absorbed by ozone, whereas UV-A light (320–400 nm wavelength) is absorbed very weakly and transmitted easily to the Earth’s surface [4]. Accordingly, our eyes can be exposed to both UV-A and UV-B.
Marfan syndrome is caused by a defect in the fibrillin-1 gene [5]. One characteristic of Marfan syndrome is lens dislocation due to disruption of the ciliary zonule [10]. Although the ciliary zonule is exposed to UV-A and UV-B in sunlight, the effects of UV on the ciliary zonule, i.e., the mechanism of degradation, have not been investigated. Therefore, to obtain basic data on the effects of UV on the ciliary zonule, we cultured HNPCECs for 4 weeks to form fibrillin-1- and fibrillin-2-positive microfibril fibers and then investigated how the fibers changed upon exposure to UV-A and UV-B irradiation.
HNPCECs were purchased from Science Cell Research Laboratories (Carlsbad, CA, USA) and cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) supplemented with 10% newborn calf serum (NCS; Invitrogen), 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. After the cells reached confluence, cells were harvested with 0.025% trypsin (Invitrogen) in PBS and transferred to plastic culture dishes at a 1:4 split ratio. For experiments, the cells were trypsinized and seeded at 1 × 106 cells/mL in 35-mm culture dishes (Corning Inc., Corning, NY, USA). HNPCECs reached confluence after 72 hr (set as day 0). The HNPCECs from three different donors were used after the third to sixth passages in this study. Results among the three donors were indistinguishable.
UV irradiationDuring the culture process after day 0, the medium was refreshed every 3 days. At 4 weeks of culture, the culture medium was removed, and the cells were washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The medium was then replaced with PBS to avoid any photosensitization effect of the medium components, and UV irradiation was performed. The cells were irradiated with UV-A and UV-B at levels of 0, 50, 100, and 150 mJ/cm2 using a DNA-FIX (DF-312; ATTO, France), as described previously [17]. The duration of UV-A and UV-B irradiation to obtain a dose of 50 mJ/cm2 was approximately 15 s. The distance from the UV lamp to the cell culture dish was 145 mm. After irradiation, the cells were cultured for another 24 hr under the same culture conditions. The cells were then subjected to immunofluorescence analysis.
ImmunofluorescenceHNPCECs were fixed in ice-cold 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 15 min and then washed with PBS. Nonspecific immunoreactivity was blocked with 1% goat serum (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) in PBS for 1 hr at room temperature. The cell/matrix layers were then incubated for 2 hr at room temperature with the appropriate primary antibodies (clone 11C1.3, monoclonal antibody against human fibrillin-1 diluted 1:1000 [Thermo Fisher Scientific Anatomical Pathology, Fremont, CA, USA]; rabbit antibody against human fibrillin-2 diluted 1:1000 [Elastin Products Co., Owensville, MO, USA]). Controls were incubated with pre-immune normal mouse or rabbit IgG instead of the primary antibody. After being rinsed in PBS, the cells were incubated with Alexa Fluor 488-labeled goat anti-mouse IgG antibody or Alexa Fluor 568-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA), diluted 1:2000 with blocking buffer, for 1 hr at room temperature. After a final wash, the cells were stained with DAPI and viewed using an immunofluorescence microscope (IX71N-22PH; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).
Planimetry analysis of the positive staining signals was performed using the Image J program (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA), as described previously [11]. The area of positive staining divided by the total area was calculated. Each value presented is expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD).
Trypan blue dye assayCells were trypsinized with 0.025% trypsin (1 mL/well) for 5 min in the CO2 incubator and then neutralized with 10% NCS. The collected cell suspension was mixed with trypan blue stain solution (1 mL). Unstained cells (viable) were enumerated using a hematocytometer.
Data analysisThe sample number in all experiments was 15. Quantitative analysis using Image J was performed with Tukey-Kramer tests. Cell viably was analyzed by Student’s t-test. All quantitative data are shown as means ± standard deviations (SDs). Differences with p values of less than 0.05 were considered significant.
Under control culture conditions at a UV-A and UV-B irradiation level of 0 mJ/cm2, continuous fibrillin-1-positive fibers were observed throughout the culture dish. Some of the fibrillin-2-positive fibers were merged with fibrillin-1. At all levels of UV-A irradiation (50, 100, and 150 mJ/cm2), there were no differences from the control (Fig. 1). In contrast, under UV-B irradiation, the fibrillin-1-positive fibers became thin, and their continuity was disrupted at an irradiation level of 100 mJ/cm2. At levels of more than 150 mJ/cm2, the fiber structure became amorphous. In contrast, at 150 mJ/cm2, fibrillin-2-positive fibers showed a decrease in positivity and disappeared (Fig. 2). Nuclear staining with DAPI demonstrated no changes in the shape of nuclei or in seeming the number of cells after UV-B irradiation. At the same time, area analysis using Image J showed that 50 mJ/cm2 UV-B irradiation significantly reduced the level of fibrillin-1 to 36.1% of the control (0 mJ/cm2) and that 150 mJ/cm2 UV-B irradiation reduced the level of fibrillin-1 to 7.2% of the control. Additionally, 50 mJ/cm2 UV-B irradiation significantly reduced the level of fibrillin-2 to 11.7% of the control (0 mJ/cm2), and then 100 mJ/cm2 UV-B irradiation reduced the level of fibrillin-2 to 1.2% of the control (Fig. 3).
Appearance of fibrillin-1 and fibrillin-2 upon exposure to UV-A irradiation. Double immunofluorescence for fibrillin-1 (upper first panels) and fibrillin-2 (second panels) in cultures of human nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells. The cells were irradiated with the indicated dose of UV-A irradiation and were then cultured for 24 hr. Subsequently, the cells were simultaneously labeled for fibrillin-1 (green; first panels) and fibrillin-2 (red; second panels). Superimposition of both labels is shown in the third panels. DAPI was used for nuclear staining (black and white; fourth panels). Bars = 50 μm.
Degradation of fibrillin-1 and fibrillin-2 by UV-B irradiation. Double immunofluorescence for fibrillin-1 (upper first panels) and fibrillin-2 (second panels) in cultures of human nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells. The cells were irradiated with the indicated dose of UV-B irradiation and then cultured for 24 hr. Subsequently, the cells were simultaneously labeled for fibrillin-1 (green; first panels) and fibrillin-2 (red; second panels). Superimposition of both labels is shown in the third panels. DAPI was used for nuclear staining (black and white; fourth panels). Bars = 50 μm.
Quantitative analysis of fibrillin-1 and fibrillin-2 following UV-B irradiation. The relative areas of fibrillin-1- and fibrillin-2-positive signals shown in Fig. 2 were determined using Image J, and that at 0 mJ/cm2 UV-B irradiation was set as 100 (control). Statistical analysis was performed using Tukey-Kramer tests. Data are represented as means ± SDs (n = 15). **p < 0.01.
Next, we examined quantitatively the effects of UV-B on cell number. The number of viable cells was reduced to 94.4% of the control by 150 mJ/cm2 UV-B irradiation. No significant differences in the number of viable cells were observed between the control (0 mJ/cm2) and each UV-B irradiation dose (50, 100, and 150 mJ/cm2; Fig. 4).
Cell viability following UV-B irradiation. Viable cells were enumerated by trypan blue dye exclusion assays. Unstained cells were counted as viable. Data are expressed as means ± SDs (n = 15). Significant differences were determined using unpaired Student’s t-tests. Note that control does not differ significantly from any other groups.
Here, we demonstrated, for the first time, that oxytalan fibers were degraded upon exposure to UV-B at 150 mJ/cm2, but were unaffected by exposure to UV-A because the decrease and disappearance of the immunofluorescent signal was observed only in UV-B-irradiated cells.
UV-B has been reported to induce secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 by human dermal fibroblasts [2]. Additionally, UV-B irradiation of human dermal fibroblasts has been shown to induce MMP-2 secretion and suppress elastin deposition at irradiation levels of 40–100 mJ/cm2 [7]. Thus, activated MMP-2 is thought to degrade elastin. The sites of fibrillin-1 degradation by MMP-2 have been identified [1]. Moreover, we have previously shown that HNPCECs express MMP-2 and that MMP-2 activated by concanavalin A degrades fibrillin-1 and fibrillin-2 in cell matrix layers [11]. The degradation patterns of fibrillin-1 and fibrillin-2 observed in this study were similar temporally to those in our previous study [11], in which we found that fibrillin-2 was preferentially degraded. Moreover, UV-B irradiation of an epidermal cell line at 180 mJ/cm2 was shown to induce the expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β [21]. Therefore, the degradation of oxytalan fibers observed upon exposure to UV-B irradiation may be caused by MMP-2 activation. We are currently investigating whether UV-B activates MMP-2 in cultured HNPCECs.
The ciliary zonule is composed of fibrillin-based microfibrils [9, 18]. Rotary shadowing images of fibrillin-based microfibrils extracted from COS-1 cell/matrix layers exhibit beaded filaments with a periodicity of 56 nm [19]. These observations suggest that UV-B irradiation increases the periodicity of microfibrils and induces fragmentation in a dose-dependent manner over a range of 0 to 100 mJ/cm2. The triple helical [α1(I)]2α2(I) band of type I collagen was not affected by UV-B irradiation between 1 and 500 mJ/cm2. Moreover, human dermal fibroblasts irradiated with UV-A at a level of 10 mJ/cm2 followed by 50 mJ/cm2 UV-B at 24-hr intervals led to a reduction of fibrillin-1 and microfibril-associated glycoprotein (MAGP)-1 [22], mimicking the conditions occurring in vivo. Therefore, the sensitivity of oxytalan fibers and collagen fibers to UV-B appears to differ, suggesting that the observed changes in microfibril microstructure may be explained by loss of oxytalan fiber continuity, as demonstrated in our immunofluorescence study with irradiation at 150 mJ/cm2. The sensitivity of the various molecules associated with oxytalan fibers, such as MAGP-1 and EMILIN-1, should be considered when assessing the mechanisms responsible for disruption of the ciliary zonule by UV irradiation.
In summary, fibrillin-1-positive fibers were shown to lose their continuity and become thin upon exposure to UV-B at an irradiation level of 100 mJ/cm2, and the fiber structure became amorphous at 150 mJ/cm2. Notably, the observation that fibrillin-2-positive fibers lost their continuity and disappeared at an irradiation level of 150 mJ/cm2 may reflect the respective sensitivities of fibrillin-1 and fibrillin-2 in the ciliary zonule to UV-B. This finding suggested that dislocation of the lens in later life may be explained by cumulative exposure to UV-B.
We thank Dr. Hironori Yoshino (Department of Radiation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University) for helpful discussions. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP15K11001.
