Thermal Balance of Man in Water: Prediction of Deep Body Temperature Change

Abstract

Changes in rectal temperature and metabolic rate were continuously monitored in men immersed in waterat 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C. The subjects (12 healthy male students) wore swimming suits while either resting or doing leg exercise (ΔM≈60 kcal·h^-1·m^-2≈70 W·m^-2) for 1 h. At all water temperatures below 30°C, the metabolic rate increased but the rectal temperature fell continuously, resulting in hypothermia. The rate of fall in rectal temperature (cooling rate, CR, °C·h^-1) was inversely proportional to water temperature (Tw, °C) according to the equation CR=3.818 - 0.109 Tw in resting subjects and CR=3.434 - 0.110 Tw in exercising subjects. At a given Tw the cooling rate was greater in resting than in exercising subjects and in lean than in obese subjects. From the relationships between the cooling rate and water temperature the duration of useful activity and the survival time were predicted for resting and exercising subjects of various fatness.