日本建築学会計画系論文集
Online ISSN : 1881-8161
Print ISSN : 1340-4210
ISSN-L : 1340-4210
敷地環境との関係からみた中国の大学キャンパスにおけるオープンスペースの変遷
平 輝傅 藝博安田 幸一
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ジャーナル フリー

2017 年 82 巻 736 号 p. 1425-1433

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 Introduction:
 University campuses started to be built since the late 19th century in China, strongly influenced by the Beaux-Arts planning style, characterized by monumental buildings with strong axis and enclosed open space with regular shape. Such space became the spatial prototype in Chinese universities. Meanwhile, influenced by the traditional Chinese cultural elements such as Feng Shui and the image of Chinese Garden, it is very common to find rivers, ponds or mountains within campuses located in natural environments, creating distinctive campus spaces. Also, with great changes of the Chinese society, not only the educational system but also the campus environment has experienced a lot of changes. The rapid urbanization has transformed the fringe area into urban context around campuses, affecting campus spaces indirectly. Under such cultural and social background, this study aims to clarify the spatial characteristics and transformation of open spaces related to the site environment in universities in China.

 Methods:
 Open spaces faced by main buildings and enclosed by buildings or environmental elements on at least two sides are extracted as "campus open spaces (COS)" from 54 campuses built before 1949. The formation of COS is divided into four phases according to the Chinese historical background in China. By analyzing and categorizing the shape, number, arrangement of COS, and the environmental elements related to COS in each phase, 6 spatial composition patterns are found. Moreover, Composition of plan and environmental elements, distribution of cases by patterns and phases, inclination of change in each phase, and typical transformation were examined.

 Results:
 1) Under the influence of Beaux-Arts planning style, single regular-shaped COS were common in the early phase. However, many of them developed in an interrupted way afterwards, thus plural irregular-shaped COS became the majority today.
 2) Influenced by the traditional Chinese culture, many university campuses are located in the natural environments including mountains or bodies of water from the beginning. Most COS were also created relating to such natural elements. In the early phase, COS usually adopted only urban or natural elements, while in the background of the rapid urbanization in China, many COS were developed to combine the natural and urban environment.
 3) During the foundation phase of Chinese universities, most COS were created following the regular spatial prototype planned in Beaux-Arts style, in a relatively pure environment (Phase I). Immediately after the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, with the reorganization of universities, new COS units appeared in many campuses, representing the new era (Phase II). After 1978, more and more COS related to the urban road were created under the background of rapid urbanization (Phase III). And since 1999, with the increasing number of university students, most campuses keep developing in a urban-nature-combined environment (Phase IV).

 Conclusions:
 This study has clarified that the transformation of open spaces in universities in China, is related to the Chinese cultural and social background, and also the site environment. Under the same cultural and social background, the transformation of open spaces shares common characteristics in each phase, while according to different site environments, open spaces formed and developed in various ways, present distinctive spatial characteristics.

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© 2017 日本建築学会
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