「ARCHITEKTURA ČSSR/ČSR」の記事にみる社会主義時代の住宅開発地計画の分析

プラハ市の住宅開発地イジュニームニェストを中心に

抄録

 In the Czech Republic, lots of housing estates consist of prefab panel housings were developed in socialist era. Those estates have often been related to negative images such as “uniform“, “gray“ and so on. Such negative images are mostly from the standardized prefab panel housings and other factors of housing estates have not been paid enough attention so far. In this paper, by using a national magazine “Architektura CSSR/CSR“ published in socialist era, which has been possessed but not organized yet in the archive of IPR PRAHA, the concept and evaluation of South Town (Jižní Město, JM), which is one of the largest housing estates developed in socialist era in Prague city, were examined.
 The main contents of the articles focused on in this paper are as follows: competitions of JM (phase 1 and 2) in 1967, detailed area planning of JM in 1969, housings for JM in 1972, the third group development of JM in 1973, detailed area planning of JM II in 1978, progress of JM II in 1981, evaluation of social value of housing groups in 1982, and competitions of new housing groups in Prague: idea and reality in 1988.
 The development plan of JM started from the plan by J. Krasny which won the competition in the late of 1960s. However, the concept of the development plan had often been forced to change because of economic reason and so on. For example, one of the important character of the original plan was various heights of buildings which make gradation of outline of landscape from the highest center to lower surroundings, but this idea had to be changed and was not realized.
 On the other hand, the relationship between the development area and natural environment around the estate, transportation system such as bus, metro and highway, the landmark design in housing area in JM II, which were considered in the development plan, were realized and exist until now. Natural environment and transportation system are indeed evaluated highly by the present municipality and inhabitants.
 On the articles in 1980s, the housing estates developed in 1970s were reviewed. The functionality and utility of housings were generally highly evaluated but psychological effect and architectural ideology of the housing estates were evaluated that they had not achieved enough level. In addition, the recognition of problems such as empty central part and lack of workplace in housing estates were pointed out. The same situation was occurred in JM, which has taken over after democratization and some activities to make the situation better have been carried out by Prague 11 municipality.
 In conclusion, the architectural creativity were expressed in the early competitions of JM and following detailed area plans. It means the authors of the plans had made their planning with their own ideas which tried to involve the area's character. Thus, in this paper, early planning and those transformation was revealed by using articles of the national magazine since 1960s. Those are partly corresponds to the existing situation of JM housing estates. Early plans of housing estates in socialist era might help to find their characters, even prefab panel housings were normally standardized.