日本建築学会計画系論文集
Online ISSN : 1881-8161
Print ISSN : 1340-4210
ISSN-L : 1340-4210
札幌市円山動物園でのチンパンジーのタワーにおける動線
堀田 里佳羽深 久夫
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ジャーナル フリー

2018 年 83 巻 748 号 p. 995-1005

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 The zoo plays a key role in preserving biodiversity through species conservation by breeding rare animals. Hence, it is important to maintain facilities that encourage reproduction. Although tower facilities for arboreal apes (e.g., chimpanzees, orangutans) are being introduced in many of Japan's zoos with the aim of promoting environmental enrichment, few studies on tower facilities exist that consider arboreal locomotion, which plays an important role in animal behavior.
 In this research, we analyzed the chimpanzee tower at Sapporo Maruyama Zoo by breaking it down into its components (e.g., columns, beams, pier, deck, pipe, rope, etc.), according to their form and materials, and conducting a behavioral survey of the elements used by the animals for arboreal behavior. We measured the number of combinations of elements used in arboreal locomotion and elucidated the flow lines of the animals on the tower. As a result, we found the following six matters concerning the use of these spaces by chimpanzees for arboreal locomotion.
 1. The combination of upper and lower deck along with their handrails is used as the base point of action when the distance between the top and bottom is within a 1.3 m range of body height.
 2. The pier is used more frequently in a combination of elements than as an element in itself and is highly important as a flow line. The ladder-like pier inclined from the ground is excellent in terms of safety as it provides stable support for the trunk as well as the facility for grasping. Furthermore, the inclined form makes it possible labor-saving up and down movement. Thus, economy of movement is achieved and its utilization as a major flow line was found to be high.
 3. On the deck which is often used as the base point of motion, vertical members are avoided when going down as they can be dangerous. If composite materials such as a pier, which is long and offers grip, are placed so as to intersect the deck diagonally, these may be regularly used as flow lines.
 4. There is a strong positive correlation between the number of flow lines connecting to the deck and the frequency of its use. Places with several options for movement directions are preferred both for postural behavior and arboreal locomotion.
 5. The lowest deck, which may be overlooked by those who do not belong with the crowd ( spectators, in the case of a zoo ), is used as a traveling route, but seldom as a place to stay for a long time.
 6. While adult animals have the widest range of actions, the younger ones use more varied kinds and combinations of elements, exhibit more types of behavior, and have a greater variety of actions. It is these young ones who can best demonstrate the effectiveness of the tower as a spectator attraction.
 Based on the information above, we formed the following three recommendations for creating tower structures that encourage arboreal locomotion that is similar to the natural behavior of animals.
 1. Place decks that serve as base points for motion at locations that are higher than the spectators. Install decks in sets with one on top and on the bottom (the separation should be within the range of the body height of the animal) along with structures that can be gripped, such as handrails.
 2. Arrange several composite materials (ladder-shaped piers and truss beams) inclined from the ground so that they intersect with the decks.
 3. Avoid creating dead-ends, and connect decks with beams and piers in a polygonal shape to ensure navigability within the upper part of the tower.

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