日本建築学会計画系論文集
Online ISSN : 1881-8161
Print ISSN : 1340-4210
ISSN-L : 1340-4210
初期火災時における視覚的異変感知に関する研究
煙中における計測対象点の輝度推定モデル
高橋 京平遠田 敦大宮 喜文
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ジャーナル フリー

2018 年 83 巻 749 号 p. 1229-1238

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 As some parts of the Building Standards Act have been specified in 2000, and more safety secured by the Method of Verification for Evacuation Safety, a wider range of architectural design has become possible. Safety is more confirmed by the Method of Verification for Evacuation Safety as it evaluates performance by calculating Evacuation time, unlike former regulations. Evacuation time is consisted of ‹Starting time of Evacuation›, the time taken from the start of fire until the start of evacuation, and ‹Behavior time of Evacuation›, the time taken from the start of evacuation until the people evacuating arrive at a safe area. It is confirmed by studies from the past that it is more important to study Starting time of Evacuation as it is more likely to take up most of Evacuation time, compared to Behavior time of Evacuation. Unfortunately, the calculation of Starting time of Evacuation shown in the Method of Verification for Evacuation Safety only considers the surface area of the room and does not consider human characteristics such as vision and smell. Therefore, the establishment of a calculating method that considers human characteristics is requested.
 In order to calculate Starting time of Evacuation, the time taken to sense emergency and its factor is important. A factor that lets people sense emergency can be witnessing a fire or smoke, hearing a crowd, or breathing in the smell of smoke. Studies focusing on visual factors shows that smoke originated from the fire stays around the lightings on the ceiling, and the visual detection of change in luminance due to increase in smoke density, leads to accident perception.
 Therefore Starting time of Evacuation based on accident perception can be assumed as the time taken to visually detect the change in luminance under ceiling lightings. To estimate Starting time of Evacuation , a calculation model that derives the change in luminance under ceiling lightings due to the relationship between different space elements (wall reflectance, illuminance, room dimension) and smoke density is needed. Additionally, smoke density changes from moment to moment therefore the model estimating smoke density is needed to be represented by time as its variable. That been said, by making clear how people react to luminance change, it is possible to construct a model that estimates Starting time of Evacuation with space elements as its variable.
 In this study, an experiment was executed by creating an equipment that measures luminance with space elements as its variables, in purpose of constructing a model to estimate the luminance of ceiling lightings from the relationship between space elements and smoke density. In addition, a combustion experiment assuming an initial fire in an actual size model was held, in purpose of constructing s model that estimates smoke density with time as its variable.
 In conclusion, the Luminance Estimation Model, and the Smoke Concentration Estimation Model were individually constructed, and its consistency were confirmed by comparing the estimate and actual measurements. Moreover, by combining the two models, a model that estimates the luminance of ceiling lighting by the relationship between time and actual space elements was constructed.

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© 2018 日本建築学会
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