日本建築学会計画系論文集
Online ISSN : 1881-8161
Print ISSN : 1340-4210
ISSN-L : 1340-4210
『蘇聯工人住宅区設計』の北京紡績第二工場に対する影響
中国第一次五ヵ年計画期の労働者住宅地計画に関する研究
邵 帥高村 雅彦
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ジャーナル フリー

2021 年 86 巻 787 号 p. 2378-2387

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 In the early days of the founding of the PRC, one of the biggest obstacles to the implementation of industrial priority development strategy was the shortage of housing for workers. Obviously, workers’ residential planning originated in Europe and the United States is the most mature, but this has led to a contradiction: while distinguishing from the architectural form of capitalist countries, it also develops industry efficiently. Therefore, the only way is to learn from the Soviet Union, which is also a socialist country. But in fact, after the establishment of the Soviet Union, the source of its residential planning was the UK and the United States. Through the transformation in conformity with the socialist ideology, the Soviet Union created a spatial model of residential planning that emphasized symmetrical composition and central zone. On this basis, China has launched a series of development applications. It can be said the modern residential planning theory is presented in China after a double translation.

 The author investigated the contents of residential planning that appeared in the architecture professional books that were widely referenced at that time. The comparison found that when China first referred to the Soviet Union’s architectural professional book “Soviet Workers’ Residential District Design”, many problems appeared due to the lack of architectural knowledge of Russian translators. At the beginning of the First five-year plan, Chinese architects quoted a lot from the former in their re-edited" General Layout Design of Factory and Workers' Residential District". However, it corrects the wrong translation of professional vocabulary, adds the practical experience of residential design in Northeast China, and discusses the problems of greening and the form of residential buildings.

 During the First five-year plan period, the construction of the residential planning of Beijing No.2 textile factory was very likely to be affected by professional books at that time. According to surveying and mapping, it was discovered that an additional green belt was set up in the center of the main road in the residential district, and the road width exceeded the Soviet standard. At the same time, the main road not only serves as the north-south axis of the block to connect the entrance and the central zone but also opened in the middle of the green belt connects the east-west blocks, which strengthens the relationship between the residential groups. These all design methods that have not been seen in Soviet residential planning. Instead, some of them are mentioned in the “General Layout Design of Factory and Workers’ Residential District”.

 It can be said that during the First five-year plan period, the design of workers’ residential planning in China showed creativity. In professional books, you can see that designers are trying to combine Soviet experience, actively discussing design methods more suitable for China, paying attention to the local climate and living environment, and looking for more economical methods for residential planning. The central zone of the green belt, which integrates greening, public space, and transportation, presents a unique characteristic of Chinese workers’ residential planning. These show possibilities of how a modern settlement theory entered China and internalized the Chinese modern residential planning theory.

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