In this study, a new simple method was firstly developed for measuring the thermal conductivity of concrete. Then we measured the residual compressive strength and thermal conductivity of a series of specimens after heated at different high temperature levels, which were produced with different raw materials and had different strength grades, and examined the relationship between thermal conductivity and heating temperature. Furthermore, the relationship between residual compressive strength and thermal conductivity is quantitatively discussed and modeled. Based on this model, we proposed a method for estimating the compressive strength distribution in heated concrete member.