モデリング理論とその動向

抄録

A great number of theories have been advanced to explain and to interpret human behavior or response over the years. Much time, however, has spent to define modeling process as an observational learning, and to differentiate it from “imitation”,“identification”,“introjection”,“social facilitation”,“copying”,“contagion”,“incorporation” or “role-taking”.
Bandura designated the phenomena ordinarily subsummed under labels imitation or identification as modeling. He has pointed out that the term modeling has much broader psychological effects than the term implied by imitation, and that the distinguishing properties of identification are too diffuse. Modeling influences which Bandura specified and defined from many researches conducted within this frame work have three separate types of effects depending on the different processes involved. First, observers can acqire new patterns of behavior by watching the performances of others. Second, the inhibition of previously learned responses are influenced by modeled activities of others with reward or punishment, and disinhibition effect is influenced by observing models engage in thretening or prohibited activities without adverse consequences. The third influence of modeling is the response facilitation effect by which observers can facilitate their own performance formerly learned.
Modeling theory is in more favor of cognitive function containing symbolic processes, rehearsal, coding and vicarious reinforcement in making matching responses of others than contingent reinforcement theories or associative theories. Especially, Bandura advanced the view that the acquisition of matching responses was not demonstrated by Miller and Dollard's expriment, but the performance of formerly learned matching responses.
We collected a number of the litrature of studies conducted for the last five years under modeling processes, which were classified by eight categories containing social behavior, problem-solviing behavior, choice behavior, performance and movement, language learning, self-regulation, education and behavior disorders, and miscellanious. Then we summarized and interpreted them according to eight categories mentioned adove. We had impression that modeling theory should further be developed by researches conducted in so many psychological fields, and would hopefully be applied to interpetation of social behavior, educational aids and clinical therapeutical treatment of behavior disorders.