訓政制度設計をめぐる蔣介石・胡漢民対立

党と政府・集権と分権

抄録

The purpose of this article is to consider the reasons why the Kuomintang’s political tutelage failed to materialize in its expected shape by examining contradictions in political thoughtbetween Chiang Kai-Shek and Hu Han-Min, the two most significant figures in the policymaking process during the period of political tutelage.
Completion of the Northern Expedition in June 1928 encouraged the Kuomintang to transform itself from a revolutionary party aiming to overthrow the government into a party in power, and it was the principle of political tutelage that legitimated this transition—or in other words justified the Kuomintang ruling without electoral approval. Since the embodiment of the idea of political tutelage was intrinsic to the power game among political leaders such as Chiang and Hu, the shape of political tutelage policy subsequently changed according to power shifts within the party.
Hu Han-Min considered the objective during the period of political tutelage to be the return of political rights from the warlords to the people, who were the original holders of these rights.Therefore he advocated active support for educating people in exercising their political rights under the party’s leadership, while trying to counteract concentration of power in governmental organizations to prevent this power from being seized by warlords.
Chiang Kai-Shek, on the other hand, considered stabilization of society, which was to be achieved by eliminating the Chinese Communist Party, to be the primary task. He sought to concentrate power upon himself, and his priority was creating a government capable of constructing society, rather than the party.
Thus the two leaders’ differing visions of how to implement political tutelage collided, and rather than political tutelage being led by the party, the party was in fact subjected to a tutelary role under the government. The contradiction in political orientations between Chiang, who had to cope with the reality that the Kuomintang regime, due to its weak position in rural society, was dependent on the government to implement policies it had promised to the people, and Hu, who devoted himself to realizing a tutelary idea true to its original form, inevitably caused the idea of political tutelage not to bear fruit.