インドネシア地場産業の所得創出効果

西ジャワ州タシクマラヤ県養蚕農家の事例

抄録

A community-based industrial system creates better working opportunities by concentrating several separate types of production within a single area. This study looks at the silk industry as a raw material-based industry that involves sericulture farmers in such a system, the aim of which is to create new working opportunities in each particular area where it operates. The new sources of income created by the silk industry are especially important for low-income farmers. On the basis of a survey of 60 sericulture farmers that I carried out from February to March 2005, I analyze in this paper the extent of the contribution that, within the system of community-based industries, the silk industry makes towards increasing the income of sericulture farmers in Tasikmalaya Prefecture, West Java.
In Tasikmalaya Prefecture, the Sericulture Cooperative takes the lead in the silk industry: it buys cocoons from farmers, produces silk and sells the silk products; the sericulture farmers play the role of suppliers of raw material.
This survey of farmers reveals that they earn their living income by working at a variety of jobs. While farmers make money from agriculture, most of what they earn comes from other jobs. Farmers above the poverty line work mainly in salaried jobs, such as teaching and the civil service, or in jobs other than agriculture. Farmers below the poverty line mainly rely on agriculture: their rice crops are only for their own consumption and their livestock are also for their own consumption only. They earn additional income from sericulture. In contrast to other crops, the production of silk can be performed four or more times a year, since the production cycle takes only 20 days; consequently, sericulture has spread amongst farmers in this area. When farmers introduced sericulture into their farming practice, they made use of credit for the purpose offered by the government; thanks to this credit, even farmers below the poverty line were able to begin cultivating silk. For the farmers below the poverty line, the income from sericulture accounts for 20% of their total income and has become a valuable source of money. For the farmers above the poverty line, sericulture is accepted as one of a range of jobs in the rural area.
Since the silk industry is the provider of raw materials within the community, it creates employment opportunities for many farmers. Although the income-generating effect of sericulture is not large, it is a vital resource for low-income farmers.