This study aimed to identify differences in foot techniques and waist movements in both attack initiation and striking among expert, intermediate, and novice kendo practitioners. The following observations were made concerning suri-ashi i and fumikomi-ashi ii :
1. Suri-ashi-No significant differences in waist movements were found during both the attack initiation and striking phases among all skill levels.
2. Fumikomi-ashi-Experts displayed less vertical waist movement than other skill levels when stepping in the attack initiation phase.
3. Fumikomi-ashi-Experts moved forward more efficiently than the other skill levels when in the striking phase.
i suri-ashi : The technique of keeping both feet on the floor and moving towards the opponent in a sliding manner.
ii fumikomi-ashi : The technique of stepping strongly with the right foot during the striking phase.
