Electro-magnetic Interference of Electronic Apex Locator, Pulp Tester and Iontophoresis Apparatus to Patients with Cardiac Pacemakers

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As there were no strict guidelines about the use of electric dental devices near patients with a cardiac pacemaker, the electro-magnetic interference by an electronic apex locator, a pulp tester and an iontophoresis apparatus to cardiac pacemakers were examined by using an experimental model. Although the electronic apex locator and pulp tester were found to give no interference to cardiac pacemakers, the iontophoresis apparatus altered the pacing waveform and changed the pacing interval. It is suggested that an iontophoresis apparatus should not be used for endodontic treatment of a patient with a cardiac pacemaker.