INCORPORATING LAND USE, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS INTO TIME-DEPENDENT TOLLING STRATEGIES

Abstract

This paper develops a single-level optimization model to determine time-dependent optimal tolls while considering the dynamic relationships between land use, transport, and environment. To illustrate the importance of incorporating land use, transport, and environment considerations in determining time-dependent tolls, and the effect of tightening vehicular emission standards on link tolls, numerical studies are set up. The results show that the tighter the vehicular emission standards, the higher the toll charges are required, and that the vehicular emission standards have direct impacts on the overall vehicular emissions, the operational strategies and profit of public transit, the mode and route choices of travelers, the residential and employment distributions, the profits of land owners, and rents. The government should consider these impacts when determining the vehicular emission standard of each road.