戦前期私学出身者の中等教員社会における位置と教師像

早稲田大学高等師範部出身者の事例

抄録

This article aims to clarify the position of graduates of private schools in the hierarchy of secondary school teachers and their self-images, by means of a case study involving graduates of Waseda University Higher Normal School (Waseda Daigaku Koto Shihanbu).
Prior to World War II, a hierarchy existed among secondary school teachers, based on their educational backgrounds. Preceding studies have mainly focused on teachers who graduated from national schools (e. g., Imperial Universities and National Higher Normal Schools). Those studies clarified the fact that graduates from national schools were highly privileged among secondary school teachers. Graduates of private schools played an important role as teachers in secondary schools, especially in terms of their number. However, their stature and cultural background have not yet been examined in detail. This article focuses on their position and their self-images in comparison with teachers who graduated from Tokyo National Higher Normal School (Tokyo Koto Shihan Gakko, Tokyo Koshi).
First, the author examines private schools that trained secondary school teachers and evaluates the career paths of the teachers. The result may be summarized as follows.
The entrance exam of Waseda University Higher Normal School was not as competitive as that for Tokyo National Higher Normal School (a rate of 1-2 versus 5-17) and had fewer candidates. Private schools were regarded as undesir-able, and graduates from these schools had less successful careers than those from national schools. Graduates from Waseda usually remained at the secondary school level and only very rarely became teachers of higher education (in 1930, 2.1%). In contrast, graduates from Tokyo National Higher Normal School had better opportunities to become professors (in 1930, 9.8%). Furthermore, graduates from Waseda often taught in vocational secondary schools, which were considered inferior. The possibility of Waseda graduates becoming principals of secondary schools was also much lower than that of graduates from national schools. In 1930, only 2.3% of all teachers who graduated from Waseda were able to become principals (in the case of Tokyo Koshi, 17.9%). Moreover, the schools in which Waseda graduates did get such opportunities were newly founded and small in scale. In other words, they were not prestigious schools.
Next, the author examines the self-image of Waseda graduates with respect to their position. The result may be summarized as follows.
Waseda graduates perceived themselves as teachers with “autonomy and independence” or “freedom.” Although graduates from both Waseda and the National Higher Normal School were trained to be secondary school teachers, their statuses differed considerably. Therefore, it is presumed that in order to uplift their status and alleviate their dissatisfaction, Waseda graduates capitalized on the ideologies of Waseda (“autonomy and independence” and “freedom”) and strategically used it to improve their situation. 189