Abstract
This study investigates the characteristics of Sino-Japanese and Sino-Vietnamese words that denote eight typical weather phenomena, focusing on three dimensions: phonology, independence, and borrowing.
For Sino-Japanese words, the results indicate that (1) many Chinese-origin words were adapted into two-syllable or equivalent length (two morae) forms in Japanese; (2) most borrowed morphemes cannot function independently, except for the elements fuu (風) and yō (陽) ; and (3) they exhibit borrowing in all three dimensions: phonology, orthography, and semantics. Among them, semantic preservation and extension are the most prominent.
Regarding Sino-Vietnamese words, the findings reveal that (1) monosyllabic Chinese-origin words retained their syllable count and followed Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation; (2) some elements can stand alone, but most are bound morphemes within compound words; and (3) modern Vietnamese borrowed Chinese phonology and semantics, not characters. Semantically, narrowing is the dominant tendency, followed by preservation, whereas semantic extension does not appear in the monosyllabic weather-related lexicon.
A comparison with the original Chinese vocabulary reveals that Japanese incorporated approximately 60.5% of Chinese weather-related terms, whereas Vietnamese adopted only about 32.5%. Notably, each weather phenomenon includes at least one shared borrowed element in both languages. This research clarifies how Japanese and Vietnamese borrows from Chinese-origin vocabulary.
https://ror.org/03esj4g97 
