This study investigated the effects of a parent-child interactional exercise program that took the children’s temperament on parents’ daily-life childcare anxiety and parenting self-efficacy into consideration. The study compared the efficacy of an in-person program, an online program, a revised online program, and a revised in-person program. Parents (N=10: in person program group, N=18: online program group, N=10: revised online program group，N=9: revised in person program group) responded to self-reported questionnaires before and after participating in the programs. Results indicated that parents’ vague childcare anxiety decreased regardless of the program. In contrast, only parents in the in-person group reduced their childcare anxieties, including evasive feelings for children. Moreover, the daily-life parenting self-efficacy in the in-person group increased. The study concluded that all types of parent-child interactional exercise programs considering children’ s temperament positively affected the daily lives of mothers caring for children. However, future studies must examine the program’s procedure and content in more detail to identify the best remote programs for increasing daily-life parenting self-efficacy, similar to the in-person program.
