The Surgical Treatment of Epilepsy in Children(<SPECIAL ISSUE>New Therapies in Pediatric Neurosurgery)

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Epilepsy is the most common neurologic disorder in childhood. In cases where a reasonable trial of several antiepileptic medications fails to provide adequate seizure control, neurosurgical options include both diagnostic techniques as well as innovative treatments. For that reason, pediatric neurosurgeons often involve themselves early in the evaluation and management of these children. Although full seizure control may be impossible, improved neurologic development and avoidance of injuries from ictal events may be worthy, alternative outcomes. Recently developed techniques in neuromodulation, like vagal nerve stimulation and deep brain stimulation, provide potential improved seizure control for those patients who would be unlikely to benefit from resective surgery for cure.