Our modern confortable lifestyles are supported by advanced fibers and the application fields of the fibers have spread into not only clothing textiles but also industrial uses. The industry of the high strength fibers, which is a typical example of the advanced fiber, has concurrently been grown with the progress of the fiber science including crystallography of polymer crystals. The history of the high strength fibers shedding light on the technologies of molecular manipulation giving rise to the high strength fibers and the related crystallography are summarized in this article. Moreover, a new mechanism of the formation of the flow-induced super structure, “shish-kebab”, with regard to the key-structure of the high strength fibers is shown as a recent topic of flow-induced polymer crystallization.