Changes in Swallowing Functions with Aging

Abstract

Swallowing difficulties are a common occurrence in elderly patients. Dysphagia arises from difficulties in swallowing dynamics related to medical diseases, while swallowing functions can also be affected by physical and mental conditions as well as social factors. In addition, swallowing difficulty can be associated with changes in swallowing function along with normal aging.
In general, studies of swallowing functions in the elderly present laryngeal penetration and aspiration associated with delay of swallowing reflex and pharyngeal residue. Reduced cough with decreasing airway defense reflex is also frequently observed.
The following factors have been pointed out as changes in the mechanisms of swallowing associated with aging:
1. Structural changes and muscle weakness associated with aging
2. Decreased functioning of motor and sensory nerves that are related to swallowing
3. Changes in central control of swallowing mechanisms
4. Reduced physical, mental and respiratory functions.
This paper presents abnormal findings observed with swallowing examinations and an overview of changes in the mechanisms behind swallowing functions with aging.