競争場面における運動パフォーマンスに及ぼす達成動機づけの影響

抄録

The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the effects of achievement motivation on motor performance in competitive conditions. The hypotheses were derived from Atkinson's Expectancy-Value Model and Yerkes-Dodson's Law. There were 76 achieve success subjects (Ts group) and 76 avoid failure subjects (T_F group), chosen from 421 fifth grade boys on the basis of their scores on the McClelland's Thematic Apperception Test and the Sarason's Test Anxiety Scale for Children. Initially, each group was tested in the zigzag run task and the serial jumping task under the control condition, and then placed into one of the four competitive conditions. The four competitive conditions were competition with inferior, equal and superior ability opponents, and noncompetition. The subjective probability of success expected for the first three conditions was 0.75, 0.50, 0.25, respectively. Each group was given the same motor task under these competitive conditions. Performance changes from control condition to competitive conditions were analyzed by two-factor analysis of covariance (2 achievement motivation×4 competitive conditions). The main results obtained were as follows: (1)In the zigzag run task, both the Ts group and the T_F group increased their competitive performances, with the Ts group showing a higher increase in performance under competition with equal ability opponents than under competition with inferior and superior opponents. (2)In the serial jumping task, the Ts group did not increase their competitive performances, but the T_F group showed a greater decrease in performance under competition with equal ability opponents than under competition with inferior and superior opponents. It would appear that a knowledge of motivations both to achieve success or to avoid failure would enhance the possibility of predicting success in competitive situations.