Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to consider the importance of “resonance” in the understanding of “enjoyment” in social relationships in sports by integration of the concept of “entrainment” and “flow” suggested by Csikszentmihalyi.
“Entrainment” is the synchronization of more than two different cycles of rhythm. Synchronization can be observed everywhere as a basic natural phenomenon, and can also be seen in human conversation.
According to Klages’s “rhythm theory”, rhythm is distinguished from beat. Rhythm is the “flow of the wave” that cannot be divided like beats can. From the viewpoint of the Klages’s “rhythm theory”, “entrainment” could be considered as “resonance”.
Kameyama describes “resonance” as entering into the rhythmical pulsation of life. This is the origin of “enjoyment” in activities of music or sport. On the other hand, Csikszentmihalyi provided an account of “enjoyment” from the concept of “flow.” “Flow” is understood as the “enjoyment” of one’s personal psychological state, but not necessarily collectively. However, the viewpoint of “resonance” instead of “flow”, may account for the “cooperative flow” in the group sport. So far the study of “flow” as results of cooperative activities has been superficial.
