Business Activities of the Standard-Vacuum Oil Co.in Japan Prior to World War II

Takeo KIKKAWA

doi:10.5029/jrbh1984.7.31

Takeo KIKKAWA

著者情報

ジャーナルフリー

1991 年 7 巻 p. 31-59

DOI https://doi.org/10.5029/jrbh1984.7.31

詳細

Published: 1991/03/15 Received: - Available on J-STAGE: 2010/06/28 Accepted: - Advance online publication: - Revised: -
訂正情報
訂正日: 2010/06/28 訂正理由: - 訂正箇所: 引用文献情報訂正内容: Right : 1Takeo Kikkawa,“1934nen no Nihon no sekiyu gyoho to Sutandado Vakyumu Oiru Kanpani”[Japan's Petroleum Industry Law of1934and the Standard-Vacuum Oil Company](1),Aoyama keiei ronshu[Aoyama Journal of Business],vol.23,no.4,1989,pp.22-25.
2In this account of the history of Stanvac and its predecessors I am relying basically on Keiichi Tanaka's Sekiyu monogatari-Mobiru Sekiyu shoshi[The oil story:A short history of Mobil Oil Company],Mobil Sekiyu K.K.,1984.
3Thus,for example,Tosuke Iguchi,Gendai Nihon sangyo hattatsu-shi II,sekiyu[History of the development of modern Japanese industriesII,Petroleum],Kojunsha,1963,p.92.
4Mobil Oil company of Japan,along with Esso oil company of Japan,were the successors of Stanvac's Japan office when it was dissolved in1962,and both companies still exist in Japan as Japanese juridical persons.
5CF.Mobiru Nihon[Mobil Japan],Mobil sekiyu K.K.,February-Marchl989,p.26.
6Tanaka writes that“Vacuum was especially positive about supplying special lubricating oil that would suit the requirements of its customers”(p.57).
7File:Standard-Vacuum Oil Co.
8According to RG(Record Group Number)256,Fbreign Funds Control Papers,B(Box Number)556,TFR-500Original Reports,Series AII,Folder:Standard-Vauum Oil Co.in the Washington Nadonal Records Center in Suitland,Maryland,other branches were also opened in Thailand in1894,in Burma in1906,and in Ceylon in1909.Howeve,it is impossible to determine whether these were Socony branches or Vacuum branches.
9See,for example,Nippon Oil Co.,Nihon Sekiyu100nenshi[100-year history of Nippon Oil],1988,pp.94-95.
10Tanaka.pp.65,67
11Letter,Edwin L.Neville(U.S.Charge d'Affaires as Interim,Tokyo)to the Secretary of Stat,June21,1928(RG59,General Records of the Department of State,File Number894.6363/29,in the National Archives,Washington,D.C.).
12Nippon Oil Co.,p.167.
13Kikkawa(1),P.38.
14Letter,Joseph C.Grew to the Secretary of state,April21,1933(RG59,894.6363/32).
15SCAP,Civil Property Custdian,Foreign Property Division,United Nations Property Unit,“Claims-American Properties in Japan,1946-1952”(RG331,B3813,3822-3825,Folder:SVOC27-160).
16Because it is impossible to learn direcdy the year of establishment of the oil tank plants due to restrictions on the sources,here I have adopted the next best strategy of deducing circumstances relating to the establishment of oil tank plants owned by Stanvac at the outbreak of the Pacific War by noting the earliest year of acquisition of an asset entered in the register of assets of each oil tank plant.
17See,for example,Iguchi,pp.95-105,and Tanaka,pp.74-77
18Tanaka,pp.75,86-87.
19E.R.Dickover(U.S.Embassy,Tokyo),Memorandum,February20,1935(RG59,894.6363/181).
20Socony also had inaccurate knowledge of trends in oil tariffs in Japan in the latter half of the1920s.On this,see Kikkawa(1),pp.35-41.
21Tanaka,p.83.
22Tanaka,p.102.
23The general managers of Socony's Japan branch were Copmann,1893-1907(until1905his title was“agent”);Cole,1907-14;H.A.Ensworth,1914-26;and Goold,1926-32.Goold also was Socony-Vacuum's general manager from1932to1933,and Stanvac's from1933to1936.Goold's successor as general manager of Stanvac's Japan branch from1936to1941was C.E.Meyer.
24Letter,H.A.Ensworth to H.E.Cole,June3,1927(Rockefeller Family Archives,RG2[OMR]Friends & Services,B59,in Rockefeller Archive Center,North Tarrytown,New York).
25Tanaka,pp.102-105.
26The“British-Dutch Agreement”was formed in1901,and the com-plete merger of Royal Dutch and Shell Transport and Trading took place in1907.
27Asiatic was established in1903.
28Shell Sekiyu K.K.[Shell Oil Co.],Sheru Sekiyu60nen no ayumi[60years of Shell Oil Co.'s progress],1960,pp.5-6;Iguchi,pp.137,141;Nippon Oil Co.,p.172.
29The parties to the four-company agreement were Socony,Rising Sun,Nippon Oil,and Heiden Oil.
30Sei Abe,“Kindai Nihon sekiyu sangyei no seisei hatten to Asano Soichiro”[The formation and development of the modern Japanese petroleum industry and Soichiro Asano],Kigyo kenkyu nenpo[The Annual Bulletin of the Institute of Business Research](Chuo University),no.9,1988,p.179.
31Walter C.Teagle,Memorandum,August21,1934(RG59,894.6363/84).
32See,for example,Sei Abe,“Dainiji taisenzen ni okeru Nihon sekiyu sangyo to Bei-Ei sekiyu shihon”[A study of the Japanese petroleum industry and British and American petroleum capital before World War II],in Shogaku ronsan[The Journal of Commerce](Chuo University),vol.23,no.4,1981.
33In1911it was Socal,within the Standard Oil Group,that was in charge of all the operations in western United States.
34Tanaka,p.109.
35Haruhito Takeda,“Nenryokyoku sekiyu gyosei zenshi”[A history of petroleum administration prior to the Fuel Bureau],Sangyo seisaku-shi kenkyu shiryo[Sources for research on the history of industrial policies],Sangyo Seisaku-shi Kenkyajo,1979,p.180.
36See“Naichi sekiyu jukyo hyo”[Tables of Domestic Petroleum Demand and Supply],put out by the Fuel Bureau in Sekiyu gyoho kankei shiryo[Materials Related to the Petroleum Industry Law],1937,which is now kept in the Ministry of International Trade and Industry.
37Tanaka,p.93.
38Tanaka,.p.122.
39See footnote15.
40Nippon Oil Co.,pp.266-67.
41Kikkawa(1),pp.23-24.
42Tanaka,p.135.
43Socony,Refinery Prices.
44Letter,C.E.Arnott to Thomas M.Debevoice,May13,1933(RG2,Business Interests,B138,Folder:Socony-Vacuum Corporation).
45Letter,G.P.Whaley to Debevoice,June14,1932(RG2,B138,Folder:Socony-Vacuum Corporation).
46Takeo Kikkawa,“1934nen no Nihon no sekiyu gyoho to Sutandado Vakyumu Oiru Kanpani”(3),Aoyama keiei ronshu,vol.24,no.3,1989,pp.54-59.
47Interviews/S.O.Co.(N.J.),Volume I,1944-1945(in Harvard University Baker Library,Boston),pp.3-4.
48Unfortunately,since sources do not exist,it is impossible to know Stanvac's overall sales turnover for1940or earlier,broken down by countries.
49Irvine H.Anderson,Jr,The Standard-Vacuum Oil Company and United States East Asian Policy,1933-1941(Princeton University Press,1975),p.220.
50Memorandum,S.P.Coleman to E.J.Sadler,August6,1940(Henry J.Morgenthau,Jr's Diary,vol.292,kept in the Franklin D.Roosevelt Library,Hyde Park,New York),pp.268-70.
51Kikkawa(1),pp.35-38.
52Kikkawa(1),pp.39-43.
53Kikkawa(1),pp.35-41.
54Regarding the influence of the tariff amendments of1932,see the second part of the Kikkawa article,in Aoyama keiei ronshu,vol.24,no.2,1989,pp.78-79.
55Letter,S.V.Davis(Osaka District Sales Manager,Stanvac)to Howard Donovan(American Consul,Kobe),July12,1933(RG84,U.S.Consulate General Correspondence,vol.19,in the United States National Archives).
56Letter,H.W.Malcolm(Rising Sun)and J.C.Goold(Stanvac)to K.Nakajima(Minister of Commerce and Industry),November29,1932(RG59,894.6363/37).
57Takeda,p.227.
58Letter,Joseph C.Grew to the Secretary of State,April21,1933(RG59,894.6363/32).
59Letter,Edwin L.Neville to the Secretary of State,September21,1934(RG59,894.6363/81).
60See Kikkawa(3),pp.44-50,and part4of the same article in Aoyama keiei ronshu,vol.24,no.4,1990,pp.64-65.
61Memorandum,S.P.Coleman to E.J.Sadler,August6,1940(Henry J.Morgenthau,Jr's Diary,vol.292),pp.268-70.
62Thus,Iguchi;Takeda;Tomio Noda“Senzenki nenryo kokusaku to Ei/Bei sekiyu shihon”[National fuel policy before World War II and British and American petroleum capital],Keieigaku kenkyu ronshu[Journal of Business Management Studies](Seinan Gakuin University),no.5,1985;and Masaru Udagawa,“Senzen Nihon no kigyo keiei to gaishi-kei kigyo”[Business management and foreign-affiliated companies in Japan before World War II],2parts,in Keiei shirin[The Hosei Journal of Business],vol.24,nos.1,2,1987.
63Kikkawa(1),(2),(3),and(4)thus far.
64Takeda,pp.232-33.
65Iguchi,p.256;Takeda,pp.232-34;Abe(1981),pp.201-02,215-16;Tanaka,pp.158-160;Noda,pp.16-29;Udagawa(part2),pp.34-35.
66Mira Wilkins,“The Role of U.S.Business,”in D.Borg and S.Okamoto,eds.,Pearl Harbor as History (Columbia University Press,1973),pp.365-66;Irvine H.Anderson,Jr,pp.78-79,102,198.
67The Sekiyu gyoho kankei shiryo mentioned in note36.
68Walter C.Teagle,Memorandum,August21,1934(RG59,894.6363/84).
69Memorandum,S.P.Coleman to E.J.Sadler,August6,1940(Henry J.Morgenthau,Jr's Diary,vol.292),pp.268-70.
70Iguchi,pp.254-57.
71Letter,Kersey F.Coe(Stanvac)to J.C.Goold,November19,1934(RG59,894.6363/139);Memorandum of Conversation at Tokyo Club,January9,1935(Class F.O.262,British Embassy and Consular Archives,File Number269[1935],Part4,kept in Public Record Office,Richmond,Surrey,U.K.).

責任著者(Corresponding author)

訂正情報

J-STAGEへの登録はこちら（無料）