The artificial esophagus, with which relatively short segment of the esophagus is replaced, was reviewed. When using free biological tissues such as aortic homograft, heterograft or autogenous free skin graft, the grafted tissue showed scarring or contractile changes for a long time and therefore the result was greatly depending on the dilation method. The result was generally unsteady, though some survived for longer than 5 years, as devising the stentt of lumen. When using a connective tissue tube generating around the replaced esophagus and a regenerated epithelium of the lumen as neo-esophagus, rather constant results longer than 3 years were reported by using the dilation me thod. Such technique may be prospero us to be applied practically, when divising the stent of lumen. When using the remaining tube prosthesis as an artificial esophagus, there were obtained results of observation for about 2 years, which may be further prolonged by devising the materials to be used and the method of replacement of the prosthesis. An artificial esophagus utilizing the organization of mesh gave a good result for up to about 1 year ; a geat advance of materials is required to get a good result for longer time according to this method.