Fundamentals and applications of bioiontronics: The forefront of next-generation information and therapeutic interfaces mediated by ions

Abstract

Bioiontronics is an emerging interdisciplinary field that integrates the principles of bioelectronics and ionics to develop responsive and biocompatible interfaces for information processing and therapeutic applications. Unlike conventional electronics relying on electrons, bioiontronics employs ions—the natural information carriers in biological systems—to achieve seamless communication with living tissues. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the fundamental theories of ion transport, including diffusion, migration, and nanochannel phenomena, as well as interfacial mechanisms, such as electric double layers and pseudocapacitance. Furthermore, it highlights recent advances in neuromorphic devices, flexible iontronic memory, and ion-driven therapeutic systems. These developments demonstrate the potential of bioiontronics to pioneer next-generation computing and intelligent medical technologies.