2025 Volume 81 Issue 17 Article ID: 25-17180
In this study, fixed-bed experiments were conducted on black tsunamis with sludge and other sedimens contained in the water to confirm the changes in inundation depth and wave force for tsunamis with different fluid densities and viscosities. In the experiments, fresh water, turbid water with varying density and viscosity, and salt water with varying density only were used, and models of seawall were set up in a two-dimensional open channel and impacted on the seawall with matching maximum tsunami heights and waveforms at the shoreline regardless of the fluid type. As a result, when the fluid density and viscosity are high, the inundation depth increases while the wave force decreases, but when only the fluid density is high, both inundation depth and wave force tend to increase. This is inferred to decrease the wave force because the fluid's viscosity dampens the tsunami energy. Numerical CFD simulations using OpenFOAM were conducted to reproduce the above experiments.
