漁業協同組合の性格と変容

真珠養殖村の事例

抄録

The study of the village in the field of sociology in Japan has been concerned mainly with agricultural village and has had remarkable results. However, in the case of the fishing village the results are not always satisfactory. The difference between the fishing village and the agricutural one centers in their means of production: the fishing ground and the farm ground. Therefore this article is intended to refer to the fishing ground and the fishing co-operative association which is the controlling organization of the fishing ground. By doing so we hope to throw light upon the sociological structure of the fishing village. The fishing co-operative association, different from other co-operative associations, was, at the early stage of the its formation (in 1903), a conventional controlling body of fishing rights rather than an economic entity. This is the reason why the fishing co-opeaative association and the village are inseparably related and have become a part of the same structure. It is for this reason that the character of “Dorf-Gemeind” of the co-operative association is often discussed, and furthermore, it is said that the fishing co-operative association has dual functions. Therefore, in studying those dual characteristics of the fishing co-operative association, we also study the social structure of the fishing village.
It is often said that the coastal fishing village has shown slight advancement in the capitalistic system of our country. Meanwhile, pearl-culture which is distinctly capitalistic has come into the coastal fishing village, and has brought with it its own system. How the village has adopted the change of the production system and how the village has changed itself through the adoption of that system are the main subjects of this article. On these subjects, rasearch was made in the three representative fishing villages of Shima District: Hamazima, Tategami and Hunakoshi. Such external forces as the permeation of the cultivated pearl industry into the village, the technological changes in the pearl-culture, and the change within the system brought about by the democratization of the village produced various contradictory elements within the village. To resolve these contradictions, the village and the co-operative associations were compelled to change their structure. In the process of the change, these villages or co-operative associations were not forced into the same type of change, nor made a stereotyped change themselves, but each has gradually changed itself in its own way, according to its conventional characteristics at its own convenience.
The self-government of the fishing co-operative association is the main characteristic which came about the reformation of the systm after the World War II. In these three villages of Hamazima, Tategami and Hunakoshi, the self-goverment of the pearl culture industry is carried on. It is noteworthy that the self-government of the fishing co-oprative association is a proper means for the fishing village to go well with the democratic reform within the village without losing its conventional characteristics of “Dorf-Gemeind”.