Abstract
The article attempts to streamline the numerous Open Innovation studies and thereby elucidate the concept of Open Innovation (and openness). Since the early 2000s, quite a few studies have explored a broad range of issues (e.g., business strategy, industrial structure, management practice) based on the "Open Innovation" perspective. Nevertheless the concept of Open Innovation has rapidly become rather elusive as a variety of studies, mostly of an empirical nature, have been conducted without a solid conceptual structure for Open Innovation. The article examines more than 140 academic articles and books relevant to Open Innovation. After outlining how the actions of firms and environmental factors co-developed toward openness, the article shows the environmental conditions for Open Innovation, proposes a typological framework streamlining Open Innovation strategies and practices, and reveals related issues to be explored. Finally the article suggests theoretical and managerial implications drawing on the literature survey.
