応用言語学: 効果的学習エフェクティブ・ ラーニング゛教育学的戦略とカリキュラム設計-最先端の市民教育と公民教育

抄録

Switzerland is well known for being the founding father of the International Baccalaureate but it is also well known for the educational mentality of solidarity. We can embrace the power of their solidarity from reading their motto,"Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno", can be translated from Latin to English as "One for All, All for One" (Le News. 2015). Switzerland is also extremely famous for having four national or official languages which represents their respect for diversity. It was because of this motto or mentality they survived World War II. They demonstrated Effective Evidence - Based Control and Defense in "warfare" by not allowing any war planes fly over their country. In other words, during World War II they decided they had "no Allies" but "all enemies" so without discrimination they shot at every plane that flew over their sky including both the German and the United States Air Forces (Helmreich, 2000). The neutrality of Switzerland was assured by an Effective Evidence - Based Strategy of evolutional and progressive mentality. They found that in a materialistic and capitalistic world, they needed to collect and guard the world's finance by establishing the Swiss Bank. They learned that the strongest religion on earth is "money" and "greed". They learned that money has a tendency to quench our thirst for greed and banks have become humanity's churches to worship the accumulating digits in our bank accounts. They learned that protecting the wealth of the rich was the best way to defend their country. In other words, it would be literally insane to go after the Swiss because they have the bank accounts as an ultimate "hostage". They proved this in World War II and their effective evidence based strategy continues today. What is even more unique is that in 2013, Switzerland announced their next Effective Evidence - Based Strategy in "welfare" instead. They surprisingly announced, "Switzerland's Proposal to Pay People for Being Alive" in the "The New York Times". The life style of Switzerland triggered other governments to rethink their education policies under the concept of civics (Lowrey, 2013). Last year, in November 2014, the United States Department of Education published their new education policy. The policy title was "Effective Professional Learning Strategies and Their Use in Future Ready Districts" (Duncan, 2014). The policy was published to encourage researchers to be effective professionals teaching students within the realm of civic education. The purpose was to establish educational readiness for educators to use in the future. This policy was originally established for all the districts and states within the United States but the policy has now taken a wider turn. The policy now includes countries abroad. The Switzerland's motto,"Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno", has influenced UNESCO, the UN, and the EU, especially Oxford University, to adopt this educational policy (Sylva, Retrieved: July 1, 2015). The policy discusses about Effective Learning or Evidence-Based Practices that can be used in reflective learning to foster citizen education both locally and internationally. This paper will discuss about the historical evolution from Civil Education, to Citizen Education, to Active Learning, and to the Effective Learning Strategies that has just begun, in 2015, which is also known as Evidence-Based Practices. The paper will also discuss about curriculum design and the future endeavors of the language curriculum in Japan.