ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナへの復興・開発支援と分断の再生産

抄録

The General Framework Agreement for Peace, the Dayton Agreement, stopped the bloodshed of a tragic armed conflict of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter “BiH”). However, BiH is still in stalemate, fifteen years after the signing of the Agreement. This paper has the purpose of clarifying effects of rehabilitation and development assistance provided to BiH as a part of international community's peacebuilding efforts. The unintended effects will be analysed in relation to the Bosnian society's structure which is underpinned by the Dayton Agreement.
The paper will first focus on two features of political structure regulated by the Dayton Agreement: the competencies divided by the State and two entities; and the power-sharing by the three constituent peoples, Bosniacs, Croats and Serbs. The latter feature contains peculiar election systems of the tripartite Presidency and of the House of Peoples. It represents the priority of equality among constituent peoples to that of individual citizens.
In the post-war BiH, the State had little control over economy. The economic activities were based on the territorial division of nationalist power, which was often connected to shadow economy. The people who could not expect State's protection had no alternative but to depend on such informal economy. The rehabilitation and development assistance was provided to the divided society and thus reinforced the structure of the ethnic division. In the political sphere, the international community kept calling for reforms to build a functional multi-ethnic State. It also provided relatively generous assistance, particularly for return of refugees and internally displaced persons. However, not enough attention was paid to sustainable welfare of people. This further created a comfortable environment for nationalist political leaders to maintain its economic and political control over their established interest.
The Dayton Agreement is unfortunately playing a role in maintaining the existing ethnic division. Furthermore, the Bosnian society faces a serious problem of social exclusion as presented by the National Human Development Report 2007. Unless its citizens are respected as individuals rather than being recognized as belonging to a particular ethnic group, the Bosnian society will not be able to overcome its current division which prevents its progress towards the European future.
In order to make the development assistance contribute to the peacebuilding of BiH, the international community has to abandon its current approach which is reinforcing the division of the society. Firstly, the assistance should not help the structure which benefits nationalist elites. Secondly, we should seek economic growth which will help people becoming independent from the nationalist elites. The way to take may be the rights-based approach which will create a new social structure between the right-holders and duty-bearers.