トラスティーシップと人道主義

―介入と統治のための「装置」に関する系譜学的分析―

抄録

Using a genealogical approach, this study analyzes the dispositive of humanitarianism/trusteeship,which has constituted the power relationship between trustees and target societies and fields of intervention of power in international society. This dispositive was produced in colonial period and reproduced in the post-Cold War era. Previous studies tend to presume that colonial and new trusteeships are rooted only in liberalism. However, this study argues that it is underpinned not only by liberalism but also by humanitarian discourse. Moreover, it shows that trusteeship and humanitarianism have been mutually constitutive. However, this study does not attempt a complete history of humanitarianism and trusteeship. Its aim is to follow the formation and reproduction of power relations in international society. In order to do that, this study adopts a genealogical approach which was developed by Michel Foucault. And it uses the concept of dispositive by which Foucault sought to grasp micro-power relations. The concept of dispositive refers to the systems of power relations that can be established among various elements such as laws, institutions, regulations, statements, and social practices. Analyzing the dispositive which has constituted power relationship in international society, this article introduces the concepts of pathologization and prescriptions. By the concept of pathologization, I attempt to describe a process in which humanitarianism attributes root causes of human suffering to the nature of target societies, and thereby it constitutes the relationship between trustees and target societies. Subsequently, humanitarianism prepares prescriptions such as colonial administration to address the root causes of human suffering. Thus, trusteeship is established in the relationship between trustees and target societies. (In this study, ‘trusteeship’ refers to a relation of inequality and a field of intervention, rather than a specific or particular historical practice. Therefore,the concept of trusteeship includes various practices such as colonial administration, development assistance, and transitional administration.) This study starts with the hypothesis that the dispositive of humanitarianism/trusteeship was constituted in the British Empire in the 19th century. When colonial trusteeship was constituted, humanitarian discourse tended to pathologize target societies and to make prescriptions. The language of trusteeship harks back to the colonial period even while the humanitarianism of today tends to reject political and colonial content. A large scale peacebuilding has been underpinned by humanitarian discourse and practice which pathologized post-conflict societies and made prescriptions. While trusteeship requires strong moral justification, humanitarianism contributes to the constitution of trusteeship when it attempts to alleviate human suffering.