ブラジルのハイテク政策と対外関係

―軍民両用技術の移転、管理、市場―

抄録

Brazil, the seventh largest economy by nominal GDP in the world, has sophisticated high-tech industries and performs vigorous diplomacy for science and technology. This article examines the continuity and change on high-tech policy, especially that of dual-use technology, in the historical context of foreign relations of Brazil.
Owing to the government-led development model after WWII, Brazilian activities of research and development (R&D) of high-tech tended to be led by the military. After the coup of 1964, this tendency was accelerated from the viewpoint of national security by the military government. Brazilian air force supported the establishment of aircraft manufacturer, and fostered missile industry as well as promoted the space rocket program. As regards the nuclear technology, armed forces, especially the navy, engaged eagerly in R&D of home-grown technologies for nuclear reactors and enrichment of uranium, in response to the progress of Argentine nuclear program and the restriction of technology transfer by developed countries.
After returning to democracy in 1985, many military-led projects were put under the control of civilian authorities or abandoned by pressure from developed countries, especially the U.S.; moreover, in the face of debt crisis, the adoption of neoliberal policy for economic reform resulted in the privatization or dissolution of state-run high-tech enterprises as well as the suspension of R&D activities by the austerity budget.
Since the establishment of the Workers’ Party (PT) government in 2003, however, some diplomatic trend similar to that under the military regime reemerged in Brazil’s foreign policy on the dual-use technology. In the nuclear field, even after the ratification of the NPT which was refused once by military regime, Brazil continues to regard it as discriminatory on the safe-guard and to assert the right of developing countries including Iran to enrich uranium. Such diplomatically dangerous policy that might arouse suspicion from developed countries originated from the diplomacy of South-South Cooperation promoted by the PT government, as well as from the demand for the right of peaceful use of atomic energy advocated by the military regime. As regards the south-south cooperation, in the nuclear field it is still under planning with Argentina or in the framework of IBSA (India, Brazil and South Africa), by contrast, in the aerospace field it has already achieved much success in regional-jet and satellite projects with China.
Three characteristics of high-tech policy of Brazil can be pointed out to be common to military government and PT government despite their political differences: the maximization of technology transfer on desirable conditions, the challenge to technology control established by developed countries and the enlargement of technology market through the cooperation to other developing countries. However, in contrast with the government-led model of military government, the new form of the public-private partnership (PPP) model appears in Brazilian high-tech policy under PT government. The high-tech diplomacy of Brazil is activated by the multi-polarization of world political economy and bringing the new forms of cooperation and confrontation.