Digital Transformation for Entomology: Scientific Drawing of Insect Morphology using Digital Devices

Abstract

As part of promoting digital transformation (DX) in the field of entomology, we present a method for drawing morphological illustrations of insects using digital devices. The method presented here uses an iPad, Apple pencil, and ibis Paint. The combination of the iPad and Apple pencil is superior in imitating the sensation of drawing with a pen on paper, and the use of the ibis Paint is advantageous in almost all the functions required to create scientific illustrations.

For figures used in scientific papers, the recommended canvas size of the ibis Paint is 2400×3200 pixels with a resolution of 600 dpi. The following steps are recommended for the ibis Paint: first, in the “Settings” set “Use Pressure Sensitivity” and “Palm Rejection” to on, “Quick Eyedropper” to off, and “Stabilizer” to the maximum value of 10 for ease of use. Next, set the following five brushes to Custom Brush: Pencil #1, Dip Pen (Hard), Dashed Line, Outline (Fade), and Felt Tip Pen (Soft).

The layer function is utilized in the drawing process. The drafting procedure differs depending on whether the tracing or grid method is used. In the tracing method, the photograph to be traced is imported and set on the bottom layer. After adjusting the position, angle, and transparency of the photo, create a new layer for the draft and use “Pencil #1” to write the draft. For the grid method, start “Filter” mode and use the filter “Table (Size)” to create a grid. After placing the grid layer on the bottom layer, create a new layer for drafting and write a draft using “Pencil #1”.

For inking (final drawing), use “Dip Pen (Hard)” to draw the outline first, and then add details in sequence. Use “Dashed Line” for structures hidden behind, “Outline (Fade)” for soft hairs, and “Felt Tip Pen (Soft)” for dots. Using different layers for different purposes, such as shadows, three-dimensional expressions, and hairs, makes revising later easier. Screen tones can be used to fill in arbitrary areas with slash or cross lines.

The method presented here can easily applied to simulate traditional drawing techniques.Thus, it can be adopted by different users, from senior researchers who already have established techniques to students who intend to learn scientific drawing. However, this method is still in its infancy, and it is necessary to continue to develop improved methods. Therefore, sharing the practical usage of digital devices with the entire entomological community is also essential.