Immuno-Mass Spectrometry Workflow for Quantification of Serum α-Fetoprotein Using Antibody-Immobilized Magnetic Beads and Modified Eluents

Abstract

Immuno-mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful method for the quantitative analysis of low-abundance proteins in biological specimens. In these procedures, collecting specifically and efficiently the target protein antigens from the antigen–antibody complex generated on the surface of nanocarrier beads is crucial and can be performed by hydrolyzing the proteins directly on the beads or after elution. Herein, we optimized the conditions of the immunoaffinity purification via elution using serum α-fetoprotein (AFP) as a model and its specific antibody immobilized covalently on magnetic beads. Antibody-coated beads were incubated with human serum spiked with standard AFP for antigen–antibody reaction. AFP was then eluted from the beads using various eluents, including organic solvents, to optimize the elution conditions. After proteolytically hydrolyzing the eluted protein, stable isotope-labeled standard peptides were added to the hydrolysate to quantify the eluted AFP via liquid chromatography-tandem MS. Using an optimized workflow for quantitative analysis afforded a correlation between the amount of spiked AFP and heavy to light ratios calculated based on peptide ion peak areas, from which an endogenous AFP concentration of 2.3±0.6 ng/mL was determined in normal serum; this is consistent with previous reports (3.04 ng/mL±1.9 standard deviation; Ball et al., 1992) using radioimmunoassay methods. The present immuno-MS workflow could apply to the detection and quantitation of other low-abundance biofluid biomarkers.