Development and Validation of the Japanese Version of the Dark Future Scale

Abstract

The present study aimed to develop and validate the Japanese version of the Dark Future Scale. A total of 650 valid responses were collected through an online survey. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a one-factor structure, consistent with the original scale, and indicated high internal consistency. Metric invariance across age groups and residual invariance across gender were confirmed. Furthermore, the scale demonstrated good convergent and incremental validity. These results suggest that the Japanese version of the Dark Future Scale is both reliable and valid.