CHICK'S AVOIDANCE OF VISUAL PITFALLS

KEIICHIRO TSUJI; KEIKICHI HAYASHIBE; MASATOSHI HARA

doi:10.4992/psycholres1954.14.145

A REEXAMINATION OF FINDINGS BY THE VISUAL CLIFF TECHNIQUE

KEIICHIRO TSUJI, KEIKICHI HAYASHIBE, MASATOSHI HARA

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JOURNALS FREE ACCESS

Volume 14 (1972) Issue 3 Pages 145-150

DOI https://doi.org/10.4992/psycholres1954.14.145

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Released dates
Released: February 24, 2009 [Advance Publication] Released: - received: November 04, 1972 corrected: - accepted: -
Correction information
Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: ABSTRACT Details: Wrong : Chick's avoidance of visual pitfalls was observed in a freely explorable open field situation. Fiftyone naive male chicks from 26 to 36 hours of age were used. After habituation a group of three animals was assigned to each of seventeen conditions and observed for five minutes. Conditions were classified into three; homogeneous nonpitfall, heterogeneous nonpitfall and pitfall situations. Animals successfully avoided pitfalls when motion parallax existed between two surfaces. Density difference was shown to be ineffective as avoidance cue when isolated from motion cue. Animals locomoted vivaciously and speedily, covering a long distance in the nonpitfall and the pitfall situations without motion parallax, while in the pitfall situation with motion cue their locomotion was reduced and they stayed at a position for along time. Such findings reconfirmed the previous ones obtained by Gibson, Walk and others.
Right : Chick's avoidance of visual pitfalls was observed in a freely explorable open field situation. Fifty-one naive male chicks from 26 to 36 hours of age were used. After habituation a group of three animals was assigned to each of seventeen conditions and observed for five minutes. Conditions were classified into three; homogeneous non-pitfall, heterogeneous non-pitfall and pitfall situations. Animals successfully avoided pitfalls when motion parallax existed between two surfaces. Density difference was shown to be ineffective as avoidance cue when isolated from motion cue. Animals locomoted vivaciously and speedily, covering a long distance in the non-pitfall and the pitfall situations without motion parallax, while in the pitfall situation with motion cue their locomotion was reduced and they stayed at a position for a long time. Such findings reconfirmed the previous ones obtained by Gibson, Walk and others.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: AFFILIATION Details: Wrong :
1) Department of Psychology,Nagoya University

Right :
1) Department of Psychology, Nagoya University

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : FISHMAN, R., & TALLARICO, R. B. 1961 Studies of visual depth perception: Avoidance reaction as an indicator response in chicks. Percept. mot. Skills, 12, 251-257.
GIBSON, E. J., & WALK, R. D. 1960 The visual cliff. Sci. Amer., 202 (4), 64-71.
LASHLEY. K. S., & RUSSELL, J. r. 1934 The mechanism of vision: A preliminary test of innate organization. J. genet. Psychol., 45, 136-144.
ROUTTENBERC, A., & GLICKMAN, S. E. 1964 Visual cliff behavior in undomesticated rodents, land and aquatic turtles, and cats (Panthera)., J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 58, 143-146.
WALK, R. D., & GIBSON, E. J. 1961 A comparative and analytical study of visual depth perception. Psychol. Monogr., 75, 1-44.
WALK, R. D. 1972 Visual depth preferences of the domestic duckling., J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 78, 14-21.

Right : FISHMAN, R., & TALLARICO, R. B. 1961 Studies of visual depth perception: Avoidance reaction as an indicator response in chicks. Percept. mot. Skills, 12, 251-257.
GIBSON, E. J., & WALK, R. D. 1960 The visual cliff. Sci. Amer., 202 (4), 64-71.
LASHLEY, K. S., & RUSSELL, J. T. 1934 The mechanism of vision: A preliminary test of innate organization. J. genet. Psychol., 45, 136-144.
ROUTTENBERG, A., & GLICKMAN, S. E. 1964 Visual cliff behavior in undomesticated rodents, land and aquatic turtles, and cats (Panthera). J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 58, 143-146.
WALK, R. D., & GIBSON, E. J. 1961 A comparative and analytical study of visual depth perception. Psychol. Monogr., 75, 1-44.
WALK, R. D. 1972 Visual depth preferences of the domestic duckling., J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 78, 14-21.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: PDF FILE Details: -

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: ABSTRACT Details: Wrong : Chick's avoidance of visual pitfalls was observed in a freely explorable open field situation. Fifty-one naive male chicks from 26 to 36 hours of age were used. After habituation a group of three animals was assigned to each of seventeen conditions and observed for five minutes. Conditions were classified into three; homogeneous non-pitfall, heterogeneous non-pitfall and pitfall situations. Animals successfully avoided pitfalls when motion parallax existed between two surfaces. Density difference was shown to be ineffective as avoidance cue when isolated from motion cue. Animals locomoted vivaciously and speedily, covering a long distance in the non-pitfall and the pitfall situations without motion parallax, while in the pitfall situation with motion cue their locomotion was reduced and they stayed at a position for a long time. Such findings reconfirmed the previous ones obtained by Gibson, Walk and others.
Right : Chick's avoidance of visual pitfalls was observed in a freely explorable open field situation. Fifty-one naive male chicks from 26 to 36 hours of age were used. After habituation a group of three animals was assigned to each of seventeen conditions and observed for five minutes. Conditions were classified into three; homogeneous non-pitfall, heterogeneous non-pitfall and pitfall situations. Animals successfully avoided pitfalls when motion parallax existed between two surfaces. Density difference was shown to be ineffective as avoidance cue when isolated from motion cue. Animals locomoted vivaciously and speedily, covering a long distance in the non-pitfall and the pitfall situations. without motion parallax, while in the pitfall situation with motion cue their locomotion was reduced and they stayed at a position for a long time. Such findings reconfirmed the previous ones obtained by Gibson, Walk and others.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : FISHMAN, R., & TALLARICO, R. B. 1961 Studies of visual depth perception: Avoidance reaction as an indicator response in chicks. Percept. mot. Skills, 12, 251-257.
GIBSON, E. J., & WALK, R. D. 1960 The visual cliff. Sci. Amer., 202 (4), 64-71.
LASHLEY, K. S., & RUSSELL, J. T. 1934 The mechanism of vision: A preliminary test of innate organization. J. genet. Psychol., 45, 136-144.
ROUTTENBERG, A., & GLICKMAN, S. E. 1964 Visual cliff behavior in undomesticated rodents, land and aquatic turtles, and cats (Panthera). J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 58, 143-146.
WALK, R. D., & GIBSON, E. J. 1961 A comparative and analytical study of visual depth perception. Psychol. Monogr., 75, 1-44.
WALK, R. D. 1972 Visual depth preferences of the domestic duckling., J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 78, 14-21.

Right : FISHMAN, R., & TALLARICO, R. B. 1961 Studies of visual depth perception: Avoidance reaction as an indicator response in chicks. Percept. mot. Skills, 12, 251-257.
GIBSON, E. J., & WALK, R. D. 1960 The visual cliff. Sci. Amer., 202 (4), 64-71.
LASHLEY, K. S., & RUSSELL, J. T. 1934 The mechanism of vision: A preliminary test of innate organization. J. genet. Psychol., 45, 136-144.
ROUTTENBERG, A., & GLICKMAN, S. E. 1964 Visual cliff behavior in undomesticated rodents, land and aquatic turtles, and cats (Panthera). J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 58, 143-146.
WALK, R. D., & GIBSON, E. J. 1961 A comparative and analytical study of visual depth perception. Psychol. Monogr., 75, 1-44.
WALK, R. D. 1972 Visual depth preferences of the domestic duckling. J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 78, 14-21.

Abstract

Chick's avoidance of visual pitfalls was observed in a freely explorable open field situation. Fifty-one naive male chicks from 26 to 36 hours of age were used. After habituation a group of three animals was assigned to each of seventeen conditions and observed for five minutes. Conditions were classified into three; homogeneous non-pitfall, heterogeneous non-pitfall and pitfall situations. Animals successfully avoided pitfalls when motion parallax existed between two surfaces. Density difference was shown to be ineffective as avoidance cue when isolated from motion cue. Animals locomoted vivaciously and speedily, covering a long distance in the non-pitfall and the pitfall situations. without motion parallax, while in the pitfall situation with motion cue their locomotion was reduced and they stayed at a position for a long time. Such findings reconfirmed the previous ones obtained by Gibson, Walk and others.

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