The stratified semantic structure of music

YOSHIHIRO MURAKAMI

doi:10.4992/psycholres1954.26.57

A proposal of 3-levels hierarchical model in semantic differential technique

YOSHIHIRO MURAKAMI

Author information

Keywords: semantic differential technique, stratified semantic structure, musical stimuli, 3-levels hierarchical model

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Volume 26 (1984) Issue 2 Pages 57-67

DOI https://doi.org/10.4992/psycholres1954.26.57

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Released dates
Released: February 24, 2009 [Advance Publication] Released: - received: August 24, 1982 corrected: - accepted: May 12, 1984
Correction information
Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : Asch, S. E. 1946 Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41, 258-290.
Cronkhite, G. 1976 Effect of rater-concept-scale interactions and use of different factoring procedures upon evaluative factor structure. Human Communication Research, 2, 316-329.
Flade, A. 1978 Die Beurteilrung umweltpsychologischer Konzepte mit einem konzeptspezifischen und einem universellen Semantischen Differential. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle und Angewandte Psychologie, 25, 367-378.
Heise, D. R. 1969 Some methodological issues in semantic differential research. Psychological Bulletin, 72, 406-422.
Iwashita, T. 1972 An experimental study on the individual difference of affective meaning space. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 43, 188-200. (In Japanese with English summary)
Iwashita, T. 1979 Osgood's semantics and semantic differential technique. Tokyo: Kawashima Pub. Co. (In Japanese)
Kashiwagi, S. 1965 Geometric vector orthogonal rotation method in multiple-factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30, 515-530.
Kuusinen, J. 1969 Affective and denotative structure of personality ratings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12, 181-188.
Mann, I. T., Phillips, J. L., & Thompson, E. G. 1979 An examination of methodological issues relevant to the use and interpretation of the semantic differential. Applied Psychological Measurement, 3, 213-229.
Murakami, Y. 1977a A proposal of “stratum factor structure” on information measures. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 47, 308-315. (In Japanese with English summary)
Murakami, Y. 1977b On stratum factor structure: containing the critics and theorizing of semantic differential method. Psychologia, 20, 98-106.
Murakami, Y. 1981a The musical behavior (1) -a preliminary analysis. The reports of the 45th Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association, 380. (In Japanese)
Murakami, Y. 1981b A rejoinder to Tzeng's critiques. Psychologia, 24, 129-131.
Murakami, Y., & Murakami, C. 1979 Study of schizophrenia II-the stratum factor structure of the TAT No. 1 by personality trait words. Memoirs of the Faculty of Education of Toyama University, 27, 127-134.
Nordenstreng, K. 1969 Toward quantification of meaning: an evaluation of the semantic differential technique. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.
Osgood, C. E., May, W. H., & Miron, M. S. 1975 Gross-cultural universals of affective meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Osgood, C. E., Suci, G. J., & Tannenbaum, P. H. 1957 The measurement of meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Popular Record Catalog 1977 Tokyo: Ongaku no Tomo Pub. Com. (In Japanese)
Shiba, S. 1979 Methods of factor analysis. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. (In Japanese)
Shimizu, M., Umemoto, T., Nagata, T., & Morikawa, Y. 1967 Analysis of meaning by the method of co-appearance of associative responses. Japanese Psychological Monograph, No. 5. (In Japanese with English summary)
Tanaka, Y., Oyama, T., & Osgood, C. E. 1963 A cross-culture and cross-concept study of the generality of semantic space. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 2, 392-403.
Tzeng, O. C. S. 1977 A quantitative method for separation of semantic subspaces. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 171-184.
Tzeng, O. C. S., & Tzeng, C. H. 1981 What is wrong with using entropy in stratifying semantic subspaces: an answer to Murakami's critiques of an Osgoodian approach. Psychologia, 24, 115-128.

Right : Asch, S. E. 1946 Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41, 258-290.
Cronkhite, G. 1976 Effect of rater-concept-scale interactions and use of different factoring procedures upon evaluative factor structure. Human Communication Research, 2, 316-329.
Flade, A. 1978 Die Beurteilrung umweltpsychologischer Konzepte mit einem konzeptspezifischen and einem universellen Semantischen Differential. Zeitschrift fitr Experimentelle und Angewandte Psychologie, 25, 367-378.
Heise, D. R. 1969 Some methodological issues in semantic differential research. Psychological Bulletin, 72, 406-422.
Iwashita, T. 1972 An experimental study on the individual difference of affective meaning space. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 43, 188-200.(In Japanese with English summary)
Iwashita, T. 1979 Osgood's semantics and semantic differential technique. Tokyo: Kawashima Pub. Co.(In Japanese)
Kashiwagi, S. 1965 Geometric vector orthogonal rotation method in multiple-factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30, 515-530.
Kuusinen, J. 1969 Affective and denotative structure of personality ratings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12, 181-188.
Mann, I. T., Phillips, J. L., & Thompson, E. G. 1979 An examination of methodological issues relevant to the use and interpretation of the semantic differential. Applied Psychological Measurement, 3, 213-229.
Murakami, Y. 1977a A proposal of “stratum factor structure” on information measures. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 47, 308-315.(In Japanese with English summary)
Murakami, Y. 1977b On stratum factor structure: containing the critics and theorizing of semantic differential method. Psychologia, 20, 98-106.
Murakami, Y. 1981a The musical behavior (1)-a preliminary analysis. The reports of the 45th Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association, 380.(In Japanese)
Murakami, Y. 1981b A rejoinder to Tzeng's critiques. Psychologia, 24, 129-131.
Murakami, Y., & Murakami, C. 1979 Study of schizophrenia II-the stratum factor structure of the TAT No.1 by personality trait words. Memoirs of the Faculty of Education of Toyama University, 27, 127-134.
Nordenstreng, K. 1969 Toward quantification of meaning: an evaluation of the semantic differential technique. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.
Osgood, C. E., May, W. H., & Miron, M. S. 1975 Cross-cultural universals of affective meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Osgood, C. E., Suci, G. J., & Tannenbaum, P. H. 1957 The measurement of meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Popular Record Catalog 1977 Tokyo: Ongaku no Tomo Pub. Corn.(In Japanese)
Shiba, S. 1979 Methods offactor analysis. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.(In Japanese)
Shimizu, M., Umernoto, T., Nagata, T., & Morikawa, Y. 1967 Analysis of meaning by the method of co-appearance of associative responses. Japanese Psychological Monograph, No.5.(In Japanese with English summary)
Tanaka, Y., Oyama, T., & Osgood, C. E. 1963 A cross-culture and cross-concept study of the generality of semantic space. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 2, 392-403.
Tzeng, O. C. S. 1977 A quantitative method for separation of semantic subspaces. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 171-184.
Tzeng, O. C. S., & Tzeng, C. H. 1981 What is wrong with using entropy in stratifying semantic subspaces: an answer to Murakarni's critiques of an Osgoodian approach. Psychologia, 24, 115-128.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: PDF FILE Details: -

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : Asch, S. E. 1946 Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41, 258-290.
Cronkhite, G. 1976 Effect of rater-concept-scale interactions and use of different factoring procedures upon evaluative factor structure. Human Communication Research, 2, 316-329.
Flade, A. 1978 Die Beurteilrung umweltpsychologischer Konzepte mit einem konzeptspezifischen and einem universellen Semantischen Differential. Zeitschrift fitr Experimentelle und Angewandte Psychologie, 25, 367-378.
Heise, D. R. 1969 Some methodological issues in semantic differential research. Psychological Bulletin, 72, 406-422.
Iwashita, T. 1972 An experimental study on the individual difference of affective meaning space. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 43, 188-200.(In Japanese with English summary)
Iwashita, T. 1979 Osgood's semantics and semantic differential technique. Tokyo: Kawashima Pub. Co.(In Japanese)
Kashiwagi, S. 1965 Geometric vector orthogonal rotation method in multiple-factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30, 515-530.
Kuusinen, J. 1969 Affective and denotative structure of personality ratings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12, 181-188.
Mann, I. T., Phillips, J. L., & Thompson, E. G. 1979 An examination of methodological issues relevant to the use and interpretation of the semantic differential. Applied Psychological Measurement, 3, 213-229.
Murakami, Y. 1977a A proposal of “stratum factor structure” on information measures. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 47, 308-315.(In Japanese with English summary)
Murakami, Y. 1977b On stratum factor structure: containing the critics and theorizing of semantic differential method. Psychologia, 20, 98-106.
Murakami, Y. 1981a The musical behavior (1)-a preliminary analysis. The reports of the 45th Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association, 380.(In Japanese)
Murakami, Y. 1981b A rejoinder to Tzeng's critiques. Psychologia, 24, 129-131.
Murakami, Y., & Murakami, C. 1979 Study of schizophrenia II-the stratum factor structure of the TAT No.1 by personality trait words. Memoirs of the Faculty of Education of Toyama University, 27, 127-134.
Nordenstreng, K. 1969 Toward quantification of meaning: an evaluation of the semantic differential technique. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.
Osgood, C. E., May, W. H., & Miron, M. S. 1975 Cross-cultural universals of affective meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Osgood, C. E., Suci, G. J., & Tannenbaum, P. H. 1957 The measurement of meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Popular Record Catalog 1977 Tokyo: Ongaku no Tomo Pub. Corn.(In Japanese)
Shiba, S. 1979 Methods offactor analysis. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.(In Japanese)
Shimizu, M., Umernoto, T., Nagata, T., & Morikawa, Y. 1967 Analysis of meaning by the method of co-appearance of associative responses. Japanese Psychological Monograph, No.5.(In Japanese with English summary)
Tanaka, Y., Oyama, T., & Osgood, C. E. 1963 A cross-culture and cross-concept study of the generality of semantic space. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 2, 392-403.
Tzeng, O. C. S. 1977 A quantitative method for separation of semantic subspaces. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 171-184.
Tzeng, O. C. S., & Tzeng, C. H. 1981 What is wrong with using entropy in stratifying semantic subspaces: an answer to Murakarni's critiques of an Osgoodian approach. Psychologia, 24, 115-128.

Right : Asch, S. E. 1946 Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41, 258-290.
Cronkhite, G. 1976 Effect of rater-concept-scale interactions and use of different factoring procedures upon evaluative factor structure. Human Communication Research, 2, 316-329.
Flade, A. 1978 Die Beurteilrung umweltpsychologischer Konzepte mit einem konzeptspezifischen and einem universellen Semantischen Differential. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle und Angewandte Psychologie, 25, 367-378.
Heise, D. R. 1969 Some methodological issues in semantic differential research. Psychological Bulletin, 72, 406-422.
Iwashita, T. 1972 An experimental study on the individual difference of affective meaning space. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 43, 188-200.(In Japanese with English summary)
Iwashita, T. 1979 Osgood's semantics and semantic differential technique. Tokyo: Kawashima Pub. Co.(In Japanese)
Kashiwagi, S. 1965 Geometric vector orthogonal rotation method in multiple-factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30, 515-530.
Kuusinen, J. 1969 Affective and denotative structure of personality ratings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12, 181-188.
Mann, I. T., Phillips, J. L., & Thompson, E. G. 1979 An examination of methodological issues relevant to the use and interpretation of the semantic differential. Applied Psychological Measurement, 3, 213-229.
Murakami, Y. 1977a A proposal of “stratum factor structure” on information measures. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 47, 308-315.(In Japanese with English summary)
Murakami, Y. 1977b On stratum factor structure: containing the critics and theorizing of semantic differential method. Psychologia, 20, 98-106.
Murakami, Y. 1981a The musical behavior (1)-a preliminary analysis. The reports of the 45th Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association, 380.(In Japanese)
Murakami, Y. 1981b A rejoinder to Tzeng's critiques. Psychologia, 24, 129-131.
Murakami, Y., & Murakami, C. 1979 Study of schizophrenia II-the stratum factor structure of the TAT No.1 by personality trait words. Memoirs of the Faculty of Education of Toyama University, 27, 127-134.
Nordenstreng, K. 1969 Toward quantification of meaning: an evaluation of the semantic differential technique. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.
Osgood, C. E., May, W. H., & Miron, M. S. 1975 Cross-cultural universals of affective meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Osgood, C. E., Suci, G. J., & Tannenbaum, P. H. 1957 The measurement of meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Popular Record Catalog 1977 Tokyo: Ongaku no Tomo Pub. Corn.(In Japanese)
Shiba, S. 1979 Methods of factor analysis. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.(In Japanese)
Shimizu, M., Umemoto, T., Nagata, T., & Morikawa, Y. 1967 Analysis of meaning by the method of co-appearance of associative responses. Japanese Psychological Monograph, No.5.(In Japanese with English summary)
Tanaka, Y., Oyama, T., & Osgood, C. E. 1963 A cross-culture and cross-concept study of the generality of semantic space. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 2, 392-403.
Tzeng, O. C. S. 1977 A quantitative method for separation of semantic subspaces. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 171-184.
Tzeng, O. C. S., & Tzeng, C. H. 1981 What is wrong with using entropy in stratifying semantic subspaces: an answer to Murakarni's critiques of an Osgoodian approach. Psychologia, 24, 115-128.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to propose a slightly modified concept of stratum factor structure, which would explain ground for atypical EPA structure in Iwashita (1972). One hundred and eighty-five students rated six musical pieces on 54 semantic differencial (SD) scales consisted of 49 used in Iwashita and five typical ones, added especially for this study. Two analyses were carried out. The first analysis showed a sufficient EPA structure for our purpose, however it disclosed two typical scales irrelevant to the EPA dimensions. Two-levels of hierarchical structure were distinguished in the second analysis: The basic structure consisted of warmth and intelligence factors, and the affective structure consisted of mood, activity, familiarity, and complexity (P) factors. According to these results, it was concluded that carefully chosen stimuli and typical scales were necessary to resume typical EPA structure. It was also concluded that 3-levels hierarchical structure were able to explain the atypical EPA structure in SD research.

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