宋都開封の治安制度と都市構造

抄録

The Tang dynasty, following the systems of the Northern Dynasties, adopted the fang system (坊制) as its urban organization. Particulary in the capital, the system had the function of symbolizing state power, and controlling numerous immigrants. However, during the chaos of late Tang, the system was gradually transformed into a more flexible urban structure of a lot of cities. To be her unify China, the early Sung government adopted a policy to assemble the professional soldiers at the capital. Therefore, by the Taizond era, the number of professional soldiers and their families had inceased to half as large as the total population of Kaifeng. To resolve the resulting disorder caused by this rapid increase in the urban population, soldiers were settled inside barracks surrounded by walls and gates. A large number of barracks in Kaifang occupied the city, and also functioned to symbolize state power. The Sung dynasty's policy of assembling professional soldiers at the capital seemed to have a similar purpose concerning various kinds of immigrants and it seems that in Kaifeng barracks played the same role as the Fang system. On the other hand, the urban districts outside the barracks were not restricted, but the people were not allowed to move around with complete freedom, either. Following the Tang custom, the curfew was on the move there. However, though the Tang curfew was between the first geng (更) and half-past the fifth geng, that of the Sung began at the third geng. As described above, in Kaifeng, where the Fang system had collapsed, it was actually impossible for the Fang-walls (fang-qiang 坊牆) and Fang gate (fang-men 坊門) to stand for the curfew, for Xun-pu (巡鋪) soldiers patrolled to enforce it. Earlier, soldiers of the Imperial Armies (jin-jun 禁軍) were assigned to xun-pu duty. However from the Renzong era, the Imperial Armies had appafently lost their discipline. In the Shenzong era, Wan Anshi (王安石) introduced the Bao-jia (保甲) system for the improvement of the qualities of soldiers. The Bao-jia soldiers were assigned to xun-pu duty and the curfew was still strictly observed, but, soon after that this new system was abolished. Consequently, the Xun-pu police force deteriorated and the public order of Kaifeng was disturbed. The prosperity of the all-night market described in "Dong-jing menghua-lu" (東京夢華録) might be proof of such a breakdown of the public order in Kaifeng in the late Northern Sung. The urban space of Kaifeng can therefore be divided into two spaces: "closed space" and "open space". This originated from the military system of the Sung dynasty, which distinguished professional soldiers from the general public.