前期エルサレム王国における王権と教会 : 聖職者の国政関与に関する考察

抄録

In the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, the relationship between the king and the clergy changed from a mutually dependent to an independent one by the 1130s.However, after that time, they continued to tie up with each other in the area of repairing the disorder which had resulted from power struggles involving the king.The main aim of this essay is to consider the following questions.Was such a relationship reflected in the sphere of politics within the kingdom?Can we understand the background of such a relationship through investigationg that sphere?An analysis of charters reveals that the king and the clergy had sepatated from each other also in the area of domestic administration during the 1130-40s.There were three changes in the background of this separation : the division of secular and ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the 1120s, the activation of clergy as ambassadors to Western Christendom(that is, their removal from the domestic to the diplomatic sphere), and the removal of royal city from Jerusalem to Acre in the 1140s.In spite of these changes, we must not fail to notice that specific clergy members kept close relationships with the king and played an active role in both the domestic and diplomatic sphere.It is true that some of them ,for example Radulfus, the bishop of Bethlehem, and Whilermus, the archbishop of Tyre, maintained personal relationships with king, but on the whole, most of them had bishoprics that had been established under royal authority.Furthermore, such bishops had the advantage of being able to move with comparative ease.Under conditions peculiar to the kingdom, such as the threat of Muslims attack and a lack of man-power, mobility could be a decisive factor in forming the political structure.So, we should consider that differences in mobility makes a difference in understanding the whole structure of the kingdom.However, we must pay attention to the point that the purpose of participation in military or missionary activities itself was to defend the Holy Land.The clergy cooperated with the king to defend the Holy Land and the maintain it's order.Thus, it should be emphasized that the clergy supported the king because the king was a military leader of the Holy Land, and as a result, supported him as a feudal sovereign.