唐後半期から北宋の外交儀礼 : 「対」の制度と関連して

抄録

This article examines diplomatic protocol from the latter half of the Tang to the Northern Song period by comparing the political system during each respective period, in order to trace the change of the Chinese World Order. The examination of the late Tang period discovers that 1) before AD 759, the diplomatic protocol was based on the provisions contained in Da-Tang Kaiyuan Li 大唐開元礼, and 2) after which a political system based on new principles was established, showing that changes in diplomatic protocol were closely related to changes in political system. The examination of the Northern Song period discovers that 1) with the exception of Khitan 契丹, the diplomatic protocol was observed as a part of the political system (the dui 対 system), and 2) the diplomatic protocol pertaining to Khitan, which was treated as an equal relationship, was not directly related to the dui system. Concerning the foreign countries treated as sovereign-subject relationship, Chinese dynasty continued to observe diplomatic protocols closely related to the current political systems, despite drastic changes in actual international relations between the late Tang and Northern Song period, and thus maintained the intention to preserve the Chinese World Order. On the other hand, with the appearance of Khitan as an equal relationship, the diplomatic protocol with no relation to the political system came into existence, thus bringing about changes in the Chinese World Order.