トルコのナショナリズム思想に関する一考察 : ズィヤ・ギョカルプを中心に

抄録

Turkish nationalist thought had some peculiar conditions in its earliest stage. One of them was that in the Ottoman Empire where a great many Turks lived and which is now transformed into the Turkish Republic, they did not regard themselves as Turks when the glimmering of nationalism appeared among the Turks under Russian rule in the latter half of the nineteenth century. The main purpose of this essay is to examine the development of that nationalist thought in the Ottoman Empire after the Young Turks Revolution in 1908 through the thought of Ziya Gokalp (1876-1924), a father of Turkish nationalism. Since Professor Niyazi Berkes tried to distinguish Turkism (Turkcukuk) from Turanianism (Turancilik), Ziya Gokalp has come to be regarded as a Turkist (Turkcu), but not as a Turanianist (Turanci). But he certainly had a Pan-Turanian dream and even after the founding of the Republic he did not completely abandon it. Furthermore this dream still seems to survive in the minds of a considerable number of Turkish people even in the present day. And strangely, on the other hand, while he was active as a nationalist he was unable to abandon the idea of Ottomanism (Osmanlicilik) as long as the Empire remained. Next we investigate how he coped with the overwhelming power of the West that surged onto the Turks. He advocated the entire acceptance of Western civilization. According to him, a national culture (hars) was quite different from an international civilization (medeniyet), and because the Turks had the best culture in the world they need not hesitate in accepting Western civilization. He also tried to give a fresh breath of air to Islam, that had not been able to adapt itself to the times, by stressing the importance of extra-judical civil usage (orf). In a word, he emphasized living in the modern civilized world as a "Muslim-Turk".