第二次海上同盟期アテネの政治と外交(前三七七-三五五年)

抄録

Since 377 B.C., foreign policy of Athens was pursued on the basis of her Second Sea-League and failed by the defeat of the Social War in 355 B.C.. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Athenian politics and diplomacy in this period through the concept of political groups, and to locate them in the Greek political history in the first half of the fourth century B.C.. In Athens, in this period, there were three political groups whose leaders were Kallistratos, Timotheos, and Aristophon respectively. Kallistratos-group pursued the dual hegemony policy of Athens-Sparta, and maintained the friendly relations with Sparta even after Athenian sea-hegemony was recovered. But Spartan defeat in the battle of Leuctra and the rise of Thebes destroyed the ground of this policy, and brought about the downfall of Kallistratos. Then both Timotheos and Aristophon-groups positively promoted the expansion policy of sea-hegemony after mid-360's, which caused the transformation of the Sea-League into the type of the Empire in the fifth century B.C.. The struggle for leadership between these two groups resulted in the triumph of Aristophon-group. But this expansion policy also failed by the defeat of the Social War in 355 B.C.. By the way, it was King's Peace concluded in 386 B.C. which formed the framework for Greek politics in the first half of the fourth century B.C.. King's Peace was a treaty in which all Greek cities took part under the authority of Persian King, and guaranteed the freedom and autonomy of each city. Kallistratos-group built the Sea-League in conformity with King's Peace and maintained Athenian sea-hegemony within its framework. Then in 360's, Persian Empire was weakened by inner rebellions and Great King lost his authority over Greece. It was this change of the balance of power between Greece and Persia which enabled Timotheos- and Aristophon-groups to carry out the expansion policy beyond the framework of King's Peace and to recover the Empire. In result, political groups of Athens in the first half of the fourth century conflicted with each other for leadership concerning the sea-hegemony which was essential to the existence of Athens. And the political situation in Greece, especially the relations with Persia, together with this political situation in Athens, gave a direct impact on the recovery of the Athenian Empire.