平安中・後期から鎌倉期における官司運営の特質 : 内蔵寮を中心に

抄録

In the present paper the author takes up the case of the Kuraryo 内蔵寮 (Office of Household Affairs of the Monarch) in order to show the nature and structure of central government offices under the Kyoto monarchical (王朝) regime from the mid-Heian through the Kamakura period. In the first section, the author discusses the Kuraryo's chief executive, the Kura-no-kami 内蔵頭. The major duty of the chief executive in the late Heian period was to supply and defray the cost of clothing for the monarch. An area, called the Gofuku-to-koro 御服所, was set up within the kami's household to sew the clothing …… a situation which clearly reveals that the wherewithal to make the items came from the personal wealth of the kami himself. Indeed, this method of supplying the monarchical robes, which began during the latter half of the 11th century, corresponds to chief executives who were also zuryo 受領 appointees, those mid-level officials who, through their power to collect taxes as provincial governors, accumulated huge personal fortunes. During the Kamakura period, while the basic duties of the Kurano-kami did not change, the method for financing the manufacture of the monarch's clothing did. For no longer did the power of the zuryo prevail in the provinces, where a new powerful class of local land proprietors (zaichi-ryoshu 在地領主) had risen up to challenge the governors. Instead, the wherewithal for running the office, including meeting the monarch's clothing needs, was provided in taxes from specially designated districts (called benpo-no-ho 便補保) in provinces earmarked for such levies (called ryogoku 料国). In the second section, the author discusses the nen'yo 年預, functionaries who during this time took the responsibility for running the actual affairs of the various central government offices. The duties of the nen'yo were as follows: 1)The imposition and collection of the office's income (called ryo-motsu 料物). 2)The composing and sending of official documents. 3)Supervision of subordinates. 4)Management of the offices domains and preserving relevant documents. The right to appoint nen'yo rested with the office's chief executive, and during the latter half of the Heian period, the position was given to the office's third or forth in command. Indeed, during that time nen'yo appeared within the bureaucracy under the Ministry of State (Daijokan 太政官) due to the fact that higher class officials, who were becoming part of the aristocracy (Kugyo 公卿), began to gradually withdraw from the management of their offices, thus leaving lower bureaucrats to carry out day to day affairs. Entering the Kamakura period, we find persons appointed to the position of nen'yo, who were in no way attached to the office in question. As a result of the reorganization of aristocratic society carried out under the Insei 院政 (the retired monarch came into power) regime, lower level bureaucrats were pooled among the various offices, and in addition their appointments became fixed and the concept of nen'yo-shiki 年預職 came into existence indicating an inherited right to the position. In the third section, the author discusses the Kuraryo as a central government office which did not farm out or sub-contract its bureaucratic duties, but was run based on the relationship between the chief executive and his nen'yo. Indeed, the Kuraryo is a significant case study in the controversy over which practice, that of "inherited positions" or that of "rotating positions", would result in the smoothest management of the office. Moreover, the policy adopted by the Kuraryo is one common element running through the institutional reforms of the Kocho 弘長 (1261-64) and Koan 弘安 (1278-88) eras. In conclusion, the author gives his perspectives on how to interpret the whole government set up during this time, which was known as kan-gata 官方 and kurodo-gata 蔵人方.