初期シカゴ学派とE・F・フレイジア

人間生態学的方法の「極相」と「萌芽」

抄録

　The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the synthetic use of Frazier's human ecological method by reorganizing his work in terms of "natural area", and the aspects of time space, which are basic characteristics of human ecology. We hold that the "climax" stage of the human ecological method can be found not in the work of C. R. Shaw, but in that of E. F. Frazier, and we seek to reevaluate the modern "empirical" social theories of time and space.
　We begin by reviewing "Black" sociology and human ecology, and the non-affinity between them in the early Chicago School of sociology. Then we proceed to examine the "climax" stage of Frazier's human ecological method.
　The "natural area" that Frazier used in The Negro Family in Chicago is "the South Side Negro Community" as a sub-area of the city of Chicago. In terms of temporal aspects, Frazier dealt with migration, mobility, succession, and four types of interaction (competition, conflict, accommodation, and assimilation). In those cases, there was a process of disorganization and reorganization of "Negro" lives. For spatial aspects, Frazier used the methods of zonal organization and gradient, deliberated on functional structures, and interpreted spatial distribution. Frazier was the first person to study the mechanism of social differentiation in a given community in a way that went beyond racial characteristics.
　We conclude that Frazier's work represents a synthesis of the human ecological method of the early Chicago School of sociology. In some sub-fields of contemporary sociology, there are studies that use the concepts of human ecological method. These methods of human ecology offer a basis of comparison not only in qualitative studies but also in quantitative studies. Frazier's human ecological method was not only the "climax" of the early Chicago School; it could also turn out to be the "rudiments" of fruitful modernistic research.