A 385×385µm² 0.165V 0.27nW Fully-Integrated Supply-Modulated OOK Transmitter in 65nm CMOS for Glasses-Free, Self-Powered, and Fuel-Cell-Embedded Continuous Glucose Monitoring Contact Lens

Abstract

This work presents the lowest power consumption sub-mm² supply-modulated OOK transmitter for self-powering a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) contact lens. By combining the transmitter with a glucose fuel cell that functions as both the power source and a sensing transducer, a self-powered CGM contact lens was developed. The 385×385µm² test chip implemented in 65-nm standard CMOS technology operates at 270pW with a supply voltage of 0.165V. Self-powered operation of the transmitter using a 2×2mm² solid-state glucose fuel cell was thus demonstrated.