The role of deep ecology and traditional governance in the sustainable management of sacred groves: Insights from commons theory

Abstract

This research explores the sustainable management of sacred groves in Meghalaya, India, using an original framework that integrates Ostrom’s (1990) eight design principles with six additional principles proposed by Lyngdoh and Mawlong (2022). It also reexamines commons theory, particularly Ostrom’s framework, through the lens of sacred groves, a subject rarely addressed in existing commons literature. Based on findings from three case study sites, the research identifies key institutional, cultural, and spiritual factors underpinning effective commons governance. Although formal governance appears multi-layered in Meghalaya, the actual management of sacred groves is predominantly carried out by traditional governance systems led by the Chiefs of the Hima and village leaders, who hold strong legitimacy. These systems, rooted in customary law, enable community-based stewardship through shared responsibilities and ritual practices. This research underscores the importance of formally recognizing and integrating traditional institutions with statutory conservation frameworks. The principle of deep ecology, a strong belief in divine retribution and spiritual reverence for nature, emerges as a decisive factor promoting self-regulation and adherence to customary rules. This internalized belief system significantly reduces the need for external monitoring, graduated sanctions, or conflict resolution mechanisms, as outlined in Ostrom’s principles. Theoretically, this study challenges conventional commons theory to more fully incorporate cultural and spiritual dimensions. It argues that faith-based values and traditional belief systems play a vital role in sustaining natural resource governance, particularly in sacred landscapes, and should therefore be included in future theoretical and policy frameworks.