In this paper, I analyze “experimentation” which has recently been the focus of much attention in product development, using a grounded theory approach. In previous studies of experimentation, there have been two perspectives. The first is a study to clarify the organizational climate required for experimentation. Second, there have been studies that have clarified how the tools used in experimentation enhance the effectiveness of experimentation. However, few studies have considered the effects of the tools used in experimentation on the organizational climate. Therefore, this study argues that it is necessary to discuss the effects of the tools used in experimentation on the organizational climate. This is because the tools used in experiments have an effect not only on the experimentation itself but also on the actors who conduct the experiments.
Two hypotheses were generated as a result of considering the effects of the tools of experimentation on organizational climate.
The first is that the tools of experimentation make the members of the organization more willing to conduct experiments by reducing the cost and time required to conduct one experimentation. The second is that the existence of the experimentation tool puts pressure on the organization to conduct the experimentation.

The Japanese Reward-based crowdfunding market expanded significantly with the COVID-19 pandemic. This market expansion potentially altered the profile of fundraisers and project tendencies. This study empirically analyzed changes in fundraisers and projects associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, utilizing data from the Japanese crowdfunding platform, propensity score, and logistic regression models. The results suggest that there are changes in project tendencies, notwithstanding the changes in funders due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, there are indications that crowdfunding is increasingly being utilized as a means for general business development, with new fundraisers entering with established recognition and brand that are independent of crowdfunding platforms. Additionally, the results suggest that the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic differed by project category.

In this report, we present the results of a survey of gastrointestinal endoscopists to clarify the factors that influence the use of doctor education systems in gaining product share. Since gastrointestinal endoscopy requires high technical skills and is a business dominated by domestic companies, we felt that it was an appropriate subject for this survey. Olympus holds the top share in this business, but has particularly strong ties with universities, which are educational institutions, and it is believed that the existence of endoscopy as an educational tool contributes to its oligopoly in this field. On the other hand, Fujifilm, which follows Olympus, has pursued a completely opposite strategy of focusing on private practice doctors and combining this with a pricing strategy. However, Olympus's share remains high, and it is suggested that its involvement in doctor education, which bears the learning costs as a part of it, may lead to a decision-making system that does not rely on a pricing strategy and may be a source of competitive advantage. It is expected that the results of this study will help mature industries gain competitive advantages and become a source of new innovation.

This paper aims to examine the definition and theoretical perspectives of neurodiversity, and to identify potential areas of future research in the context of management studies. Neurodiversity, which has received particular attention in recent years, is a concept that has been discussed in interdisciplinary studies, including those in sociology, education, medicine, and psychology, but its definition is vague. Therefore, we first review the literature from these broad areas of research to clarify the relationship between developmental disabilities and the neurodiversity concept. To provide a comprehensive review of interdisciplinary research, we employed a narrative review. We then propose a definition of neurodiversity for management studies and theoretical perspectives for future research. Possible areas for these include a systematic literature review, analysis of the perspectives of inclusion, and examination of other viewpoints in diversity management at the organizational, workplace, and individual levels.