Delivering effective notifications during disasters is important for individuals residing in disaster-affected areas. This study aims to refine the visual communication within disaster notification messages by scrutinizing icon utilization. One hundred participants engaged in the evaluation of simulated disaster alert messages on smartphones featuring various icon implementations, with a focus on discernibility, comprehensibility, and heightened alertness. After the experimental phase, interviews were conducted to facilitate a nuanced analysis and comprehension of the respondents' rationales. Beyond examining distinct icon types, the data collected for analysis encompassed icon design elements such as shape and color, as well as icon placement within the message. The findings underscore the efficacy of employing situational symbol icons to effectively convey disaster scenarios, particularly by integrating commonplace warning colors, such as yellow and black, into an upright triangular shape to enhance alertness and utilizing red to denote the severity of the situation. Furthermore, through the application of repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), factors such as age and gender were found to significantly influence the recipients' perceptions of certain icon implementations. Specifically, the observed trend indicated that older demographic cohorts demonstrate enhanced comprehension of emoji symbols, and gender disparities were manifested in the interpretation of action icons, with females exhibiting a greater inclination towards perception than males. These insights provide invaluable guidance for optimizing notification messages on smartphones, thereby facilitating more efficient disaster communication

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This study aimed to analyze and compare the spatial qualities of traditional Mongolian ger, and dome structures based on general people and generations. Ninety-five Mongolian participants from three different generational cohorts - Generation Z (18-26 years old), Generation Y (27-44 years old), and Generation X (45-59 years old) - were presented with 360-degree video scenarios featuring six round room layouts. They were then tasked with evaluating and comparing the spatial comfort of each scenario. The scenarios were categorized into three groups of furniture layouts: empty, traditional, and modern spaces. The evaluation included closed questions on a 4-point Likert-type scale and open-ended questions about users’ perceptions of ger and dome designs. The comfort factors of the ger and dome structures, including space, daylight, and comfort, were compared using a paired-sample t-test. The study revealed that round structures were significantly affected by daylight, which impacted the space and comfort of the rooms. As a result, the participants belonging to Generation Y displayed a significant preference for dome-shaped structures across all layouts. Additionally, the responses highlighted the potential benefits of incorporating windows into round structural designs to enhance their spatial dimensions and interior layouts. Furthermore, the open-ended questionnaire responses suggested that the tool-free assembly method used in ger structures could be a sustainable approach for dome structures. This study highlights the importance of daylight in the design of round structures.

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Bokeh, an imaging technique known for its intentional focus shift, is widely used in photography and videography to direct viewers’ attention. While effective in two-dimensional mediums like photos and displays, adapting bokeh to three-dimensional real-space formats, such as sculptures and dioramas, presents unique challenges. This study explores the development and application of a pseudo-bokeh effects method for real-space environments, aiming to replicate the blur and depth effects typically observed in two-dimensional bokeh. This paper details experiments assessing the effectiveness of the proposed device in generating a bokeh effect in real space. The results indicate a correlation between the measured bokeh values and users’ subjective evaluations, and demonstrate that the bokeh effect remains consistent across different waveforms.

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